Basarab loop and the generators of its total multiplication group

A loop (Q; ·) is called a Basarab loop if the identities: (x · yxρ)(xz) = x · yz and (yx) · (xλz · x) = yz · x hold. It was shown that the left, right and middle nuclei of the Basarab loop coincide, and the nucleus of a Basarab loop is the set of elements x whose middle inner mapping Tx are automorphisms. The generators of the inner mapping group of a Basarab loop were refined in terms of one of the generators of the total inner mapping group of a Basarab loop. Necessary and su_cient condition(s) in terms of the inner mapping group (associators) for a loop to be a Basarab loop were established. It was discovered that in a Basarab loop: the mapping x ↦ Tx is an endomorphism if and only if the left (right) inner mapping is a left (right) regular mapping. It was established that a Basarab loop is a left and right automorphic loop and that the left and right inner mappings belong to its middle inner mapping group. A Basarab loop was shown to be an automorphic loop (A-loop) if and only if it is a middle automorphic loop (middle A-loop). Some interesting relations involving the generators of the total multiplication group and total inner mapping group of a Basarab loop were derived, and based on these, the generators of the total inner mapping group of a Basarab loop were finetuned. A Basarab loop was shown to be a totally automorphic loop (TA-loop) if and only if it is a commutative and exible loop. These aforementioned results were used to give a partial answer to a 2013 question and an ostensible solution to a 2015 problem in the case of Basarab loop.

Basarab loop and the generators of its total multiplication group

A loop (Q; ·) is called a Basarab loop if the identities: (x · yxρ)(xz) = x · yz and (yx) · (xλz · x) = yz · x hold. It was shown that the left, right and middle nuclei of the Basarab loop coincide, and the nucleus of a Basarab loop is the set of elements x whose middle inner mapping Tx are automorphisms. The generators of the inner mapping group of a Basarab loop were refined in terms of one of the generators of the total inner mapping group of a Basarab loop. Necessary and su_cient condition(s) in terms of the inner mapping group (associators) for a loop to be a Basarab loop were established. It was discovered that in a Basarab loop: the mapping x ↦ Tx is an endomorphism if and only if the left (right) inner mapping is a left (right) regular mapping. It was established that a Basarab loop is a left and right automorphic loop and that the left and right inner mappings belong to its middle inner mapping group. A Basarab loop was shown to be an automorphic loop (A-loop) if and only if it is a middle automorphic loop (middle A-loop). Some interesting relations involving the generators of the total multiplication group and total inner mapping group of a Basarab loop were derived, and based on these, the generators of the total inner mapping group of a Basarab loop were finetuned. A Basarab loop was shown to be a totally automorphic loop (TA-loop) if and only if it is a commutative and exible loop. These aforementioned results were used to give a partial answer to a 2013 question and an ostensible solution to a 2015 problem in the case of Basarab loop

Buchsteiner loops: Associators and constructions

Let Q be a Buchsteiner loop. We describe the associator calculus in three variables, and show that |Q| ≥ 32 if Q is not conjugacy closed. We also show that |Q| ≥ 64 if there exists x ∈ Q such that x2 is not in the nucleus of Q. Furthermore, we describe a general construction that yields all proper Buchsteiner loops of order 32. Finally, we produce a Buchsteiner loop of order 128 that has both nilpotency class 3 and an abelian inner mapping group.

MULTIPLICATION GROUPS AND INNER MAPPING GROUPS OF CAYLEY–DICKSON LOOPS

The Cayley–Dickson loop Qn is the multiplicative closure of basic elements of the algebra constructed by n applications of the Cayley–Dickson doubling process (the first few examples of such algebras are real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions, octonions, sedenions). We establish that the inner mapping group Inn (Qn) is an elementary abelian 2-group of order 22n-2 and describe the multiplication group Mlt (Qn) as a semidirect product of Inn (Qn) × ℤ2 and an elementary abelian 2-group of order 2n. We prove that one-sided inner mapping groups Inn l(Qn) and Inn r(Qn) are equal, elementary abelian 2-groups of order 22n-1-1. We establish that one-sided multiplication groups Mlt l(Qn) and Mlt r(Qn) are isomorphic, and show that Mlt l(Qn) is a semidirect product of Inn l(Qn) × ℤ2 and an elementary abelian 2-group of order 2n.

A SOLVABILITY CRITERION FOR FINITE LOOPS

We show that a finite loop, whose inner mapping group is the direct product of a dihedral $2$-group and a nonabelian group of order $pq$ ($p$ and $q$ are distinct odd prime numbers), is solvable.

On finite loops whose inner mapping groups are Abelian II

If the inner mapping group of a loop is a finite Abelian group, then the loop is centrally nilpotent. We first investigate the structure of those finite Abelian groups which are not isomorphic to inner mapping groups of loops and after this we show that if the inner mapping group of a loop is isomorphic to the direct product of two cyclic groups of the same odd prime power order pn, then our loop is centrally nilpotent of class at most n + 1.

Abelian groups as inner mapping groups of loops

The question of which Abelian groups can be the inner mapping group of a loop has been considered by Niemenmaa, Kepka and others. We give a construction which shows that many finite Abelian groups can be the inner mapping group of a loop.

On finite loops whose inner mapping groups are Abelian

Loops are nonassociative algebras which can be investigated by using their multiplication groups and inner mapping groups If the inner mapping group of a loop is finite and Abelian, then the multiplication group is a solvable group. It is clear that not all finite Abelian groups can occur as inner mapping groups of loops. In this paper we show that certain finite Abelian groups with a special structure are not isomorphic to inner mapping groups of finite loops. We use our results and show how to construct solvable groups which are not isomorphic to multiplication groups of loops.

On loops which have dihedral 2-groups as inner mapping groups

In this paper we consider the situation that a group G has a subgroup H which is a dihedral 2-group and with connected transversals A and B in G. We show that G is then solvable and moreover, if G is generated by the set A ∪ B, then H is subnormal in G. We apply these results to loop theory and it follows that if the inner mapping group of a loop Q is a dihedral 2-group then Q is centrally nilpotent.