Modeling method of combat mission based on OODA loop

Today, modern warfare has shifted from weapon-centric operations to network-centric system operations, which has led to a linear increase in the complexity of combat missions. When a commander faces a high-level mission, how to model the entire combat mission is a critical step, and it is also the basis for the generation of subsequent combat plans and combat command and control. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a task modeling method based on the OODA loop. This method first decomposes the mission task, and defines four meta tasks based on the OODA loop theory, and finally analyzes the meta tasks from the perspective of time and information. The mission relationship is defined, which can realize the modeling and formal description of the entire combat mission process, and provide support for the follow-up combat links.

Applicability Of The Ooda Loop Theory For Analysis Of Human Error Processes In The Maritime Safety

The publication evaluates the applicability of John Boyd’s OODA Loop (observe-orient-decide-act) theory for the analysis of human error in the maritime industry. The predominant share of human error among the range of maritime safety issues is revealed. The interdependence between the different phases of the OODA Loop to achieve the desired state of maritime safety is studied, namely the correct actions in each of the implemented cycles. So, the paramount importance of situational awareness as a prerequisite for safety is proven. The mechanisms for manifestation of other factors endangering maritime safety are also analyzed, such as: lack of competence, fatigue, stress, etc. In conclusion, the role of the time factor in the realization of the OODA Loop is assessed and in this context, approaches are offered to increase the possibility for realization of a quality loop.

Broad excitations in a 2+1D overoccupied gluon plasma

Motivated by the initial stages of high-energy heavy-ion collisions, we study excitations of far-from-equilibrium 2+1 dimensional gauge theories using classical-statistical lattice simulations. We evolve field perturbations over a strongly overoccupied background undergoing self-similar evolution. While in 3+1D the excitations are described by hard-thermal loop theory, their structure in 2+1D is nontrivial and nonperturbative. These nonperturbative interactions lead to broad excitation peaks in spectral and statistical correlation functions. Their width is comparable to the frequency of soft excitations, demonstrating the absence of soft quasiparticles in these theories. Our results also suggest that excitations at higher momenta are sufficiently long-lived, such that an effective kinetic theory description for 2+1 dimensional Glasma-like systems may exist, but its collision kernel must be nonperturbatively determined.

Evidence of Similarities in Ecosystem Service Flow across the Rural-Urban Spectrum

In 2006, the world’s population passed the threshold of being equally split between rural and urban areas. Since this point, urbanisation has continued, and the majority of the global population are now urban inhabitants. With this ongoing change, it is likely that the way people receive benefits from nature (ecosystem services; ES) has also evolved. Environmental theory suggests that rural residents depend directly on their local environment (conceptualised as green-loop systems), whereas urban residents have relatively indirect relationships with distant ecosystems (conceptualised as red-loop systems). Here, we evaluate this theory using survey data from >3000 households in and around Hyderabad, India. Controlling for other confounding socioeconomic variables, we investigate how flows of 10 ES vary across rural, peri-urban and urban areas. For most of the ES we investigated, we found no statistical differences in the levels of direct or indirect use of an ecosystem, the distance to the ecosystem, nor the quantities of ES used between rural and urban residents (p > 0.05). However, our results do show that urban people themselves often travel shorter distances than rural people to access most ES, likely because improved infrastructure in urban areas allows for the transport of ES from wider ecosystems to the locality of the beneficiaries’ place of residence. Thus, while we find some evidence to support red-loop–green-loop theory, we conclude that ES flows across the rural-urban spectrum may show more similarities than might be expected. As such, the impact of future urbanisation on ES flows may be limited, because many flows in both rural and urban areas have already undergone globalisation.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is one of the ways to create growth, well-being, and wealth in an economy. Throughout this work, the concept of entrepreneurship is analyzed, as well as the traditional and modern theories of entrepreneurship by following an economic, sociological, and psychological perspective. As a result, the following approaches are briefly examined: Economic-based Theories of Entrepreneurship (Neoclassical, New Keynesian, and Ordoliberal), Sociological and Psychological-based Theories of Entrepreneurship, and New Approaches of Entrepreneurship (The Theory of Effectuation, The Feedback Loop Theory, The Jack-of-all-Trades Theory, The Mezzanine Theory, The O-Ring Theory, The Theory of Resources and Capabilities, and The Theory of the Optimal Triangle).

The interplay between asymmetric and symmetric DNA loop extrusion

Chromosome compaction is essential for reliable transmission of genetic information. Experiments suggest that ∼1000-fold compaction is driven by condensin complexes that extrude chromatin loops, by progressively collecting chromatin fiber from one or both sides of the complex to form a growing loop. Theory indicates that symmetric two-sided loop extrusion can achieve such compaction, but recent single-molecule studies (Golfier et al., 2020) observed diverse dynamics of condensins that perform one-sided, symmetric two-sided, and asymmetric two-sided extrusion. We use simulations and theory to determine how these molecular properties lead to chromosome compaction. High compaction can be achieved if even a small fraction of condensins have two essential properties: a long residence time and the ability to perform two-sided (not necessarily symmetric) extrusion. In mixtures of condensins I and II, coupling two-sided extrusion and stable chromatin binding by condensin II promotes compaction. These results provide missing connections between single-molecule observations and chromosome-scale organization.

The interplay between asymmetric and symmetric DNA loop extrusion

Compaction of chromosomes is essential for reliable transmission of genetic information. Experiments suggest that this ∼ 1000-fold compaction is driven by condensin complexes that extrude chromatin loops, i.e., progressively collect chromatin fiber from one or both sides of the complex to form a growing loop. Theory indicates that symmetric two-sided loop extrusion can achieve such compaction, but recent single-molecule studies observed diverse dynamics of condensins that perform one-sided, symmetric two-sided, and asymmetric two-sided extrusion.We use simulations and theory to determine how these molecular properties lead to chromosome compaction. High compaction can be achieved if even a small fraction of condensins have two essential properties: a long residence time and the ability to perform two-sided (not necessarily symmetric) extrusion. In mixtures of condensins I and II, coupling of two-sided extrusion and stable chromatin binding by condensin II promotes compaction. These results provide missing connections between single-molecule observations and chromosome-scale organization.