Protecting Ecosystems by way of Biological Control: Cursory Reflections on the Main Regulatory Instruments for Biological Control Agents, Present and Future

Although there are numerous threats to ecosystems and the resultant ecosystem services, alien and invasive plants (AIP) have been identified as being one of the major causes of ecosystem destruction. In addressing the threat of alien and invasive plants through the use of various mechanisms, the regulatory framework imposed by legislation is key in ensuring that that controlling AIPs does in fact not do more harm than good. One such control mechanism, which has the potential to do wonders or wreak havoc if not adroitly implemented, is that of using biological control agents. This contribution provides a brief overview on the three main regulatory instruments used to control biological control agents in South Africa, namely the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983, the Agricultural Pests Act 36 of 1983 and the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004. It also considers possible future developments on the regulation of biological control agents.

Alien and invasive plant species in plant communities of floodplain forests of the Małopolska Upland / Obce oraz inwazyjne gatunki roślin w zbiorowiskach lasów łęgowych Wyżyny Małopolskiej

During the field studies on the floodplain forests of the Małopolska Upland carried out in 2009-2013, the author tried to determine which species of alien and invasive plants could be a threat to the stability of these vegetation communities. Efforts were also made to answer the question, which floodplain forests are particularly vulnerable to the penetration of alien species and in which layers of the forest plant community are the best conditions for the development of the individual alien plant species. During the research, a total number of 344 reléves were made, of which 90 recorded the presence of alien species. The most common were: Impatiens parviflora, Acer negundo and Padus serotina. The highest percentage of reléves involving alien species was found in the riverside floodplain forests of Salicetum albo-fragilis and Populetum albae.