Expression of Behavioural Traits in Goldendoodles and Labradoodles

As crossbred dogs gain in popularity, how they express inherited behaviour traits in comparison to their purebred constituent breeds is of interest. We investigated behaviours exhibited by crossbred dogs by focusing on the popular Goldendoodle and Labradoodle crossbreds and comparing them to their corresponding constituent breeds: Standard and Miniature Poodle, Golden Retriever or Labrador Retriever. The data for this study was provided by 5141 volunteer dog owners who filled out the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) online survey. The survey results were used to analyse breed differences in fourteen representative behavioural trait scores: trainability, stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, dog-directed aggression, dog rivalry, dog-directed fear, stranger-directed fear, non-social fear, touch sensitivity, separation-related problems, excitability, attachment/attention-seeking behaviours, energy and chasing. As expected from a first-generation crossbred (F1), the crossbreds in our study tend to fall between the two constituent parent breeds with some exceptions. Our results suggest that the F1 Labradoodle differed significantly from one of the pure constituent breeds only in dog rivalry, whereas the F1 Goldendoodle behaviour varied from one or more pure constituent breeds in dog rivalry, dog-directed aggression, dog-directed fear, and stranger-directed fear. These results can help advise future dog owners on behavioural trends for particular crossbreds.

Standard States

At this point we have introduced the activity as a ratio of fugacities (Chapter 11). The fugacity of a constituent, in turn, we saw was a quantity very much like a vapor pressure or partial pressure, which is directly linked to the Gibbs free energy of that constituent, such that a ratio of fugacities leads directly to a difference in free energies. The fugacity was introduced as a means of dealing with gases and gaseous solutions, and it is measured by measuring gas volumes or densities. Nevertheless, there is nothing restricting its use to gaseous constituents, and we suggested that it is very useful to regard the fugacity as a state variable; as a property of any constituent of any system, solid, liquid, or gas, whether equilibrated with a gas or not, and whether measurable or not. This leads to the easiest approach to understanding activities. The activity of a constituent is the ratio of the fugacity of that constituent to its fugacity in some other state, which we called a reference state. We then showed through consideration of the Lewis Fugacity Rule, which is an extension of Dalton's Law, that for ideal solutions of condensed phases, the activity of a constituent equals its mole fraction, if the reference state is the pure constituent at the same P and T. Deviations from ideal behaviour are then conveniently handled by introducing Henryan and Raoultian activity coefficients. The utility of these relations would be quite sufficient for retaining the activity in our collection of thermodynamic parameters, but in fact the activity can be applied to a much wider range of conditions, simply by varying the choice of reference state. We now examine the various possible choices of this reference state, and the resulting equations and applications. In the most general sense, the fugacity and activity concepts satisfy the need to relate system compositions to free energy changes. That a single parameter, the activity, can do this for essentially any system is a tribute to its tremendous versatility.

A Cubic Phase Formed in Immiscible Fe/Ag(Cu) System S by Ion Mixing

ABSTRACTFexAg1-x (x=0.20-0.65) and Fey Cu1-y (y=0.50-0.75) nano-multilayers were prepared by alternative deposition of pure constituent metals. Ion mixing of the multilayers by 200 keV xenon ions at 77K resulted in the formation of a similar metastable phase with a big lattice of cubic structure, when the ion dose exceeded 1×1016 and 1×1015 Xe+/cm2 for Fe/Ag and Fe/Cu systems, respectively. The fraction of the new phase emerged in the alloy films increased with increasing ion dose in both cases.