Advanced Deep Learning Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) Molecular Detection in Understanding Human Infertility

To see if HHV-6 may be a cause of infertility, researchers looked at 18 men and 10 women who had unexplained critical fertility and had at least one prior pregnancy. HHV-6 DNA was discovered in both infertile and fertile peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (12 and 14%, respectively); endometrial epithelial cells from 4/10 (40%) infertile women were positive for HHV-6 DNA; this viral DNA was not found in the endometrium of fertile women. When endometrial epithelial cells were cultivated, they produced viral early and late proteins, suggesting the existence of an infectious virus. Endometrial HHV-6 infection creates an aberrant NK cell and cytokine profile, resulting in a uterine domain that is not favorable to conception, according to the findings. To corroborate the findings, studies of extra fertile and barren women should be done. Semen samples were taken from 18 guys who visited the Government General Hospital Guntur’s infertility department because they were having reproductive issues with their partners. Herpes virus DNA has been discovered in the sperm of symptomatic fertile and infertile male patients on rare instances. Furthermore, researchers must investigate the role of viral diseases in male infertility.

Multipathogen Detection in Patients with Respiratory Tract Infection: Identification of Non-respiratory Viruses Using Multiplex Real-time Polymerase Reaction

Background: Due to the overlapping clinical characteristics of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and the unavailability of appropriate diagnostic techniques, the diagnosis of RTIs is controversial. Objectives: The study aimed to prompt the diagnosis of RTIs using commercial multiplex real-time PCR. Methods: The survey undertook for two years (2019 - 2020) on 144 flu-negative immunocompetent outpatients. Respiratory samples were examined by multiplex PCR assays. Results: Study population consisted of females (n = 77, 53.5%) and males (n = 67, 46.5%). The mean age was 42.8 ± 23.7 years. Thirty-one (21.5%) patients were infected with only one viral or bacterial infection. Eighty-two (57%) were infected with more than one pathogen. Ninety-five (37%) and 161 (62%) tests were positive for bacterial and viral pathogens, respectively. Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and atypical CAP pathogens included 17% and 10% of respiratory specimens, respectively. The predominant pathogens consisted of Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV-7) (n = 38, 15.5%), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) (n = 34, 13.8%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 24, 9.8%), and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) (n = 21, 8.5%). There were associations between pathogen findings and special age categories. Fever, cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis were associated with certain pathogens. There was no substantial difference between viral and bacterial Ct concerning gender, age group, and comorbidities. Conclusions: Multiplex diagnostic assays significantly increased the rate of appropriate diagnosis of respiratory pathogens. However, further investigation is needed to find non-respiratory viruses' significance in respiratory specimens of immunocompetent symptomatic patients.

Efektivitas Kombinasi Oxytetracycline, MgSO47H2O, Vitamin C, dan B Kompleks dalam Menurunkan Resiko Penularan Chilodinellasis dan Koi Herpes Virus (KHV)

Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui efetivitas kombinasi senyawa oxytetracycline, MgSO4.7H2O, vitamin C, dan B kompleks dalam menurunkan resiko penularan pada penyakit Chilodinellasis dan Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) pada ikan koi. Dosis senyawa kombinasi diaplikasikan dengan dicampur pada pakan dengan dosis 250 gram pakan/2 gram senyawa kombinasi (oxytetracycline 200 mg, MgSO4.7H2O 25 mg, vitamin C 50 mg, dan B kompleks 20 gm). Sampel penelitian sebanyak 90 ekor yang terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok, dimana kelompok I diberikan pakan tanpa campuran senyawa kombinasi, Kelompok II dan kelompok III diberikan perlakuan pencampuran pakan dengan senyawa kombinasi. Kelompok I dan II ikan yang belum pernah sakit dan kelompok III 15 ekor ikan pernah sakit dan 15 ikan belum pernah sakit. sampel dilakukan aklimatisasi dikolam dengan ukuran 2 x 2,5 x 1 meter tanpa naungan selama 3 – 4 bulan. Parameter penelitian antara lain perubahan warna kulit, sirip, keaktifan, dan kematian ikan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan menunjukkan rata-rata jumlah ikan yang sakit dengan parameter perubahan wana kulit, sirip merah/luka, ikan tidak aktif adalah kelompok I 7ekor,10 ekor, 8 ekor, kelompok II 2 ekor, 3 ekor, 2 ekor, kelompok III 3 ekor, 4 ekor, 2 ekor. Sedangkan pada parameter kematian ikan kelompok I terdapat 19 ekor dengan 7 ekor terinfeksi Chilodinellasis, 12 ekor terinfeksi KHV, sedangkan kelompok II dan III terdapat kematian 3 ekor masing-masing terinfeksi KHV. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah kombinasi senyawa oxytetracycline, MgSO4.7H2O, vitamin C, dan B kompleks efektif dalam menurunkan resiko penyakit Chilodinellasis, KHV pada ikan koi.

Viremia in Equine Herpes Virus-1 infection and a possible link to Transient Protective Immunity

Equine herpes virus (EHV-1) causes respiratory infections in equine, and results in abortion, paresis, neonatal death, and retinopathy and the virus may become latent following initial infection. Virus entry is via the respiratory route, and the virus replicates in the host in ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and in Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes in the lung parenchyma. After viral replication in the respiratory system, the virus can become disseminated to other parts of body via viraemic cells. The virus also can cross the placenta which leads to abortion of live or dead fetuses without premonitory signs. Infected horses show transient immunity after natural or experimental infection and immune responses to EHV-1, but the immunoprotective status begins to decline after a few months of active infection. Due to the transient immune response, recovered horses are not immunoprotected and thus are prone to subsequent re-infection. Immunity is not long lived after experimental or natural infection, and as a result the development of an effective vaccine has remained a challenge. In this study viraemic cells were studied in a murine EHV-1 infection model. Mice were infected intranasally and viraemic cells were studied on days three and five which occurs during the peak of the infection. The results of this study may help to identify the nature of viraemic cells and their role in the transient immune response to infection. Buffy coat cells and lungs were removed and stained with a fluorescent antibody test for EHV-1 antigen, and lung specimens were subjected to transmission electron microscopy. Both techniques confirmed the presence of viraemic cells in lung tissues. These viraemic cells were further stained for EHV-1 antigen, and for CD4 or CD8 biomarkers and results are discussed re: pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection, identification of viraemic cells in a murine model and possible link of viraemia to transient immune responses in EHV-1 infection, which demonstrate the validity of this murine model for the investigation of the cytopathologic mechanism and sequelae of EHV manifestation in this model.

Generation of a Retargeted Oncolytic Herpes Virus Encoding Adenosine Deaminase for Tumor Adenosine Clearance

Background: Oncolytic viruses are immunotherapeutic agents that can be engineered to encode payloads of interest within the tumor microenvironment to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Their therapeutic potential could be limited by many avenues for immune evasion exerted by the tumor. One such is mediated by adenosine, which induces pleiotropic immunosuppression by inhibiting antitumor immune populations as well as activating tolerogenic stimuli. Adenosine is produced starting from the highly immunostimulatory ATP, which is progressively hydrolyzed to ADP and adenosine by CD39 and CD73. Cancer cells express high levels of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes, thus converting immunostimulatory purinergic signal of ATP into an immunosuppressive signal. For this reason, CD39, CD73 and adenosine receptors are currently investigated in clinical trials as targets for metabolic cancer immunotherapy. This is of particular relevance in the context of oncovirotherapy, as immunogenic cell death induced by oncolytic viruses causes the secretion of a high amount of ATP which is available to be quickly converted into adenosine. Methods: Here, we took advantage of adenosine deaminase enzyme that naturally converts adenosine into the corresponding inosine derivative, devoid of immunoregulatory function. We encoded ADA into an oncolytic targeted herpes virus redirected to human HER2. An engineered ADA with an ectopic signal peptide was also generated to improve enzyme secretion (ADA-SP). Results: Insertion of the expression cassette was not detrimental for viral yield and cancer cell cytotoxicity. The THV_ADA and THV_ADA-SP successfully mediated the secretion of functional ADA enzyme. In in vitro model of human monocytes THP1, this ability of THV_ADA and THV_ADA-SP resulted in the retrieval of eADO-exposed monocytes replication rate, suggesting the proficiency of the viruses in rescuing the immune function. Conclusions: Encoding ADA into oncolytic viruses revealed promising properties for preclinical exploitation.

MANEJO CLÍNICO DA INFECÇÃO PELO VIRUS HERPES SIMPLES NA ÁREA NEONATAL

Introdução: A infecção neonatal pelo herpes-vírus simples (HVS) é, em geral, transmitida durante o parto. Um sinal típico é erupção vesicular, que pode acompanhar ou progredir para doença disseminada. O diagnóstico é feito por cultura do vírus, PCR, imunofluorescência ou microscopia eletrônica. O tratamento é feito com altas doses de aciclovir parenteral e cuidados de suporte. A infecção pelo HVS neonatal tem alta mortalidade e morbidade significativa. Objetivo: Apresentar o manejo clínico da infecção causada pelo Herpes simples na área neonatal. Material e métodos: O presente trabalho consiste em uma revisão de literatura realizada por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica que incluiu artigos científicos relacionados ao tema em questão, com tudo foram utilizadas as bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE/Pubmed. Resultados: A incidência de mortalidade é estimada dentro de uma faixa que varia de 1/3.000 a 1/20.000 nascidos vivos. HVS tipo 2 é responsável por um maior número de casos se comparado ao HVS tipo 1. HVS é, em geral, transmitido durante o parto pelo trato genital materno infectado. A transmissão transplacentária do vírus e a disseminação adquirida em ambiente hospitalar entre os recém-nascidos pelos profissionais do hospital ou pela família correspondem a alguns dos casos. Mães de recém-nascidos com infeção por HVS podem ter adquirido infecção genital recente e ainda não desenvolveram sintomas no momento do parto. Conclusão: As manifestações geralmente ocorrem entre a 1ª e a 3ª semana de vida, mas raramente também podem só aparecer após a 4ª semana. Os neonatos podem manifestar doença local ou disseminada. Neonatos não tratados, com doença isolada de pele ou mucosa, podem, em 7 a 10 dias, evoluir para formas progressivas ou mais graves da doença. A morte é rara entre os que têm doença localizada limitada a pele, olhos ou boca. Entretanto, sem tratamento, muitos dos neonatos evoluem para doença disseminada ou doença do sistema nervoso central que pode não ser reconhecida, doença disseminada não tratada, a taxa de mortalidade é de 85% e de 50% entre os neonatos com encefalite não tratada. Sem tratamento, pelo menos 65% dos sobreviventes de doenças disseminadas ou encefalite têm graves sequelas neurológicas.

Study to Evaluate Association of Torch Infection with Bad Obstetric History in Pregnant Women at Sms Medical College and Attached Group of Hospitals, Jaipur

Background: Congenital infections are transmissible in utero and it can lead to serious foetal outcomes. These infections can be early detected in pregnant women with bad obstetric history for better foetal outcomes. Aim of the Study was to evaluate the association of TORCH infection with bad obstetric history among pregnant women. Study Design: Observational and comparative study Place and Duration of Study: Central laboratory, Department of Microbiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur between April 2020 and September 2021. Methodology: 260 blood samples of pregnant women (130 with bad obstetric history and 130 pregnant women without bad obstetric history) were collected. and tested for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus by Chemiluminescence and Herpes simplex virus using ELISA kits. Results: Overall TORCH IgM seropositivity in high-risk pregnant women was 17.19%. In pregnant women with bad obstetric history, IgM Seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii was 3.84% (P value .02), rubella 2.34% (P value .30), Cytomegalovirus 5.47% (P value .08), and 6.25% (P value .56) for Herpes-1 and 2 infections and IgG seropositivity for toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes virus was 16.41% (P value .001), 93.75% (P value .11), 98.44% (P value .55), 48.44% (P value .53) respectively. In pregnant women without bad obstetric history, IgM and IgG seropositivity for toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes virus was 0/0.77%, 0.76/97.69%, 1.53/99.23% and 4.61/44.62% respectively. The average age of the study population was 27.13 years. Conclusion: As TORCH infections are transmissible in-utero in all the stages of pregnancy and contributes in neonatal and infant deaths, so early diagnosis and appropriate interventions necessary which help in proper management of the pregnant women.

Chronic Pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenia Is Not Associated With Herpes Virus Infection Status

Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is characterized by non-chronic (transient, <12 months) and chronic (≥12 months) decline in the number of platelets. Herpes virus infections have been shown, in many studies, to be associated with the development of ITP. However, it remains unclear whether the herpes virus infection status is associated with the chronic ITP.Methods: We reviewed 480 primary pediatric patients with ITP in the period from January 2017 to December 2019. The prevalence of herpes virus antibodies including the Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and Epstein Barr virus were recorded. The levels of serum complement C3 and C4, T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+), B (CD19+) lymphocytes, and natural killer (CD16+ 56+) cells were also analyzed. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the associations between chronic ITP and herpes virus infection status.Results: Compared with non-chronic, patients with chronic ITP had older age (≥3 years), lower levels of hemoglobin and complement C3, and lower probability of CMV and HSV-2 infections (IgM positive; p < 0.05). Patients with herpes virus infection had lower serum platelet counts (p < 0.001), lower complement C3 levels and lower CD4+/CD8+ cells ratio (p < 0.05). Furthermore, platelet counts were positively correlated with CD4+/CD8+ cells ratios (r = 0.519; p = 0.0078), and negatively correlated with T cells (CD3+: r = −0.458, p = 0.0213; CD8+: r = −0.489, p = 0.0131). Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR, 1.644; 95%CI, 1.007–2.684; p = 0.047) was an adverse risk factor for chronic ITP and CMV IgM positive (OR, 0.241; 95%CI, 0.072–0.814; p = 0.022) had lower risk of chronic ITP development, while other herpes virus infection statuses and clinical features were not.Conclusion: Although herpes virus infections were associated with the onset of ITP, our findings indicated that herpes virus infection status might not be a risk factor for chronic ITP.