This chapter considers a new type of graph coloring known as edge coloring. It begins with a discussion of an idea by Scottish physicist Peter Guthrie Tait that led to edge coloring. Tait proved that the regions of every 3-regular bridgeless planar graph could be colored with four or fewer colors if and only if the edges of such a graph could be colored with three colors so that every two adjacent edges are colored differently. Tait thought that he had found a new way to solve the Four Color Problem. The chapter also examines the chromatic index of a graph, Vizing's Theorem, applications of edge colorings, and a class of numbers in graph theory called Ramsey numbers. Finally, it describes the Road Coloring Theorem which deals with traffic systems consisting only of one-way streets in which the same number of roads leave each location.