Different Explanations for the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

In this research, the other reasonable explanations for the cosmic microwave background radiation is revealed. Due to the microwave resolution, it very roughly shows the image of galaxies in the universe. Moreover, the intensity measurement on each pixel of the image is the sum of the incident microwaves from different directions, so the microwave image cannot represent the microwave sources clearly far away from the Earth. Hence, we propose a simulation after removing several strongest microwave sources, the remaining microwave radiation sources can establish a very uniform intensity distribution over a range of several ten light years. On the other hand, Sloan Digital Sky Survey reveals 200 million galaxies in the universe and, in fact, only to eliminate the contributions of all galaxies from the microwave image is impossible. The way to further obtain the fine-scale structure by only removing the few strongest microwave sources as the foreground effect will keep the other contributions from all the rest galaxies and stars. Therefore, the Cosmic Microwave Background cannot be uniquely explained the radiation which was left after the initial formation of the universe. Moreover, it is the mainly residual radiation from the un-calculated galaxies and inaccurate estimation of the microwave source strength.

The Existence and Effect of Dark Energy Redshift on Cosmological Age

A derivation of Cosmological Age explicitly constrained by Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is presented, demonstrating that the correct value of Cosmological Age is equal to the Hubble Age. It is shown that utilizing “z = 0” for Cosmological Redshift in the Present Epoch introduces a fundamental flaw into Cosmological Age calculations. However, this flaw is captured and corrected by the Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) Model of Gravity developed by Puthoff, suggesting that the Dark Energy Field exists as a massive photonic field. Consequently, it is demonstrated that for a Dark Energy Driven description of Accelerated Cosmological Expansion, Cosmological Redshift takes a negative value in the Present Epoch.