Optimal representation to High Order Random Boolean kSatisability via Election Algorithm as Heuristic Search Approach in Hopeld Neural Networks

This study proposed a hybridization of higher-order Random Boolean kSatisfiability (RANkSAT) with the Hopfield neural network (HNN) as a neuro-dynamical model designed to reflect knowledge efficiently. The learning process of the Hopfield neural network (HNN) has undergone significant changes and improvements according to various types of optimization problems. However, the HNN model is associated with some limitations which include storage capacity and being easily trapped to the local minimum solution. The Election algorithm (EA) is proposed to improve the learning phase of HNN for optimal Random Boolean kSatisfiability (RANkSAT) representation in higher order. The main source of inspiration for the Election Algorithm (EA) is its ability to extend the power and rule of political parties beyond their borders when seeking endorsement. The main purpose is to utilize the optimization capacity of EA to accelerate the learning phase of HNN for optimal random k Satisfiability representation. The global minima ratio (mR) and statistical error accumulations (SEA) during the training process were used to evaluate the proposed model performance. The result of this study revealed that our proposed EA-HNN-RANkSAT outperformed ABC-HNN-RANkSAT and ES-HNN-RANkSAT models in terms of mR and SEA.This study will further be extended to accommodate a novel field of Reverse analysis (RA) which involves data mining techniques to analyse real-life problems.

Novel Hopfield Neural Network Model with Election Algorithm for Random 3 Satisfiability

One of the influential models in the artificial neural network (ANN) research field for addressing the issue of knowledge in the non-systematic logical rule is Random k Satisfiability. In this context, knowledge structure representation is also the potential application of Random k Satisfiability. Despite many attempts to represent logical rules in a non-systematic structure, previous studies have failed to consider higher-order logical rules. As the amount of information in the logical rule increases, the proposed network is unable to proceed to the retrieval phase, where the behavior of the Random Satisfiability can be observed. This study approaches these issues by proposing higher-order Random k Satisfiability for k ≤ 3 in the Hopfield Neural Network (HNN). In this regard, introducing the 3 Satisfiability logical rule to the existing network increases the synaptic weight dimensions in Lyapunov’s energy function and local field. In this study, we proposed an Election Algorithm (EA) to optimize the learning phase of HNN to compensate for the high computational complexity during the learning phase. This research extensively evaluates the proposed model using various performance metrics. The main findings of this research indicated the compatibility and performance of Random 3 Satisfiability logical representation during the learning and retrieval phase via EA with HNN in terms of error evaluations, energy analysis, similarity indices, and variability measures. The results also emphasized that the proposed Random 3 Satisfiability representation incorporates with EA in HNN is capable to optimize the learning and retrieval phase as compared to the conventional model, which deployed Exhaustive Search (ES).

Exploiting Spontaneous Transmissions for Broadcasting and Leader Election in Radio Networks

We study two fundamental communication primitives: broadcasting and leader election in the classical model of multi-hop radio networks with unknown topology and without collision detection mechanisms. It has been known for almost 20 years that in undirected networks with n nodes and diameter D , randomized broadcasting requires Ω( D log n / D + log 2 n ) rounds, assuming that uninformed nodes are not allowed to communicate (until they are informed). Only very recently, Haeupler and Wajc (PODC'2016) showed that this bound can be improved for the model with spontaneous transmissions, providing an O ( D log n log log n /log D + log O (1) n )-time broadcasting algorithm. In this article, we give a new and faster algorithm that completes broadcasting in O ( D log n /log D + log O (1) n ) time, succeeding with high probability. This yields the first optimal O ( D )-time broadcasting algorithm whenever n is polynomial in D . Furthermore, our approach can be applied to design a new leader election algorithm that matches the performance of our broadcasting algorithm. Previously, all fast randomized leader election algorithms have used broadcasting as a subroutine and their complexity has been asymptotically strictly larger than the complexity of broadcasting. In particular, the fastest previously known randomized leader election algorithm of Ghaffari and Haeupler (SODA'2013) requires O ( D log n / D min {log log n , log n / D } + log O (1) n )-time, succeeding with high probability. Our new algorithm again requires O ( D log n /log D + log O (1) n ) time, also succeeding with high probability.

Balanced Leader Distribution Algorithm in Kubernetes Clusters

Container-based virtualization is becoming a de facto way to build and deploy applications because of its simplicity and convenience. Kubernetes is a well-known open-source project that provides an orchestration platform for containerized applications. An application in Kubernetes can contain multiple replicas to achieve high scalability and availability. Stateless applications have no requirement for persistent storage; however, stateful applications require persistent storage for each replica. Therefore, stateful applications usually require a strong consistency of data among replicas. To achieve this, the application often relies on a leader, which is responsible for maintaining consistency and coordinating tasks among replicas. This leads to a problem that the leader often has heavy loads due to its inherent design. In a Kubernetes cluster, having the leaders of multiple applications concentrated in a specific node may become a bottleneck within the system. In this paper, we propose a leader election algorithm that overcomes the bottleneck problem by evenly distributing the leaders throughout nodes in the cluster. We also conduct experiments to prove the correctness and effectiveness of our leader election algorithm compared with a default algorithm in Kubernetes.