Exploration culturable bacterial symbionts of sponges from Ternate Islands, Indonesia

Trianto A, Radjasa OK, Sabdono A, Muchlissin SI, Afriyanto R, Sulistiowati, Radjasa SK, Crews P, Mccauley E. 2019. Exploration culturable bacterial symbionts of sponges from Ternate Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 776-782. Multidrug resistance, (MDR) bacteria seriously threaten human health which causes a more difficult and extends the treatment period, and increases the risk of death. Sponges-associated bacteria, a well known for their rich in chemical classes and bioactivities, are the prolific producers of bioactive compounds. In order to search new sources of antibacterial compounds, we collected a total of 55 sponges from Ternate Island that provided 324 bacterial isolates. The data showed that sponges-isolates ratio in the anthropogenic area was relatively higher than the other collection sites. The isolates were screened for the antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae-RSDK, K. pneumoniae-UI, Pseudomonas aeruginosa A-UI, P. aeruginosa B-UI, Staphylococcus aureus-UI, MRSA-UI, MRPA-UI, Bacillus subtilis-RSDK, B. subtilis-UI, Salmonella typhi-UI, and MDR E. coli. The isolates were able to inhibit 0-7 the pathogenic bacteria on 24 h and 48 h. The most active bacteria were identified as B. clausii, V. chiguensis, B. tropicus, P. marcusii, B. tropicus, V. parahaemolyticus, B. paramycoides, and V. dokdonensis. In conclusion, the sponges in the anthropogenic affected area have higher bacterial symbionts than that of in the pristine area. In this study, the results of isolation of the symbiont bacteria from sponge samples were obtained and morphologically observed for these bacterial isolates. The number of bacteria that were isolated were 133 bacterial isolates and ten isolates including producing active secondary metabolites

Morphological and genetic diversity in Callithrix hybrids in an anthropogenic area in southeastern Brazil (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae)

Two species of Callithrix, C. jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812), are considered invasive in Rio de Janeiro. This study determined the genetic and morphological diversity and verified the species involved in the hybridization of 10 individuals from the municipalities of Silva Jardim (N = 9) and Rio das Ostras (N = 1). We compared the external morphology and skull of C. jacchus (N = 15) and C. penicillata (N = 14) specimens deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (MN- UFRJ). Phylogenetic (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) and phylogeographical analyses (network analysis) were performed based on cytochrome b sequences. These analyses included hybrids from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (N = 3), C. penicillata (N = 2), C. jacchus (N = 2), C. geoffroyi (N = 2), C. kuhlii (N = 2), C. aurita (N = 1), and as outgroups, Mico emiliae (N = 1) and Saguinus mystax (N = 1). The pelage and skull characters of most hybrids were more closely related to C. jacchus. Skull morphometric analysis revealed an intermediate state for the hybrids. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high similarity between the hybrids and C. penicillata. Six haplotypes of hybrids were identified. Network analysis including them and C. penicillata recovered the topology generated by phylogenetic analysis. The results corroborate that C. jacchus and C. penicillata participate in the hybridization process. There was no geographic structure between hybrids from the coastal lowlands and from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.