Extensive variation in feather ornaments of Whiskered Auklets in the Aleutian Islands reflects age, sex, condition, and geography

Both sexes of Whiskered Auklets (Aethia pygmaea) display the most elaborate feather ornaments of any seabird: a slender black forehead crest, and 3 bilaterally symmetrical pairs of white facial plumes (superorbital, suborbital, and auricular). We studied patterns of ornament variation in 796 banded individuals (147 of known sex, 254 of known age from 1 to 16 years) during 1992–2009 at Buldir Island (principally), and 3 other Aleutian Islands (Davidof, Ulak, and Egg) in Alaska, USA. As expected for socially selected traits, ornaments were more variable across individuals than anatomical traits in size but with only slightly male-biased sexual dimorphism. Body condition index increased from age 1 to 3 years but changed little thereafter. Even within birds ≥4 years old, ornament size was positively related to body condition index. Subadults (one-year-olds) had smaller ornaments than adults (age 2–16 years) but there was no further change in ornament size as adults aged and no evidence of senescence even in the oldest birds (>8 years old). Nonetheless, overall ornament size varied from year-to-year at Buldir and was correlated with indices of both ocean climate and auklet productivity in the preceding 2–5 years. From Buldir to Egg Island (1,266 km), the size of both anatomical and ornamental traits increased by 5–15% except for bill depth, which was largest in birds from Buldir and Egg at opposite ends of the Aleutian breeding range. This study is one of few to examine patterns of ornament variation in a long-lived, socially monogamous bird, even though such patterns are crucial to understanding the relationship between sexual selection and life history.

The Jivaro shrunken heads from the National Museum , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Authentic or Counterfeits?

The Jivaro people from Ecuador, Amazonia, skillfully mummified human heads by shrinking them to the size of a fist. The Jivaro became famous as the Amazonian headhunters. This mummification was practiced in the context of a ritual in which individuals developed more and more spiritual power supported by the submission of their enemy souls. In the original ritual the heads were discarded or “buried” in the rivers. Historical contacts and religious conversion prohibited the practice and only a few shrunken heads can be found in museums today. Six Jivaro shrunken heads, probably from adult men with ornaments including a Caucasian, are described in this presentation. Some of them date to the 19th century, and were acquired by the Brazilian emperor. The discovery of nits and eggs of Pediculus humanus in those mummified scalps makes their description still more interesting. Cultural details like feather ornaments, hair styles, cordage, and other characteristics are discussed

Do Melanin- or Carotenoid-Pigmented Plumage Ornaments Signal Condition and Predict Pairing Success in the Kentucky Warbler?

Yellow and red feathers pigmented by carotenoids can signal a bird's condition and are important to both female choice and male-male competition. Melanin-based ornaments are thought to be less effective than carotenoid ornaments as indicators of condition, though their signal function is still relatively unstudied. We examined both carotenoid and melanin-pigmented feather ornaments in a single species, the Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus). Both males and females of this species have melanin-pigmented ornamentation (black crown, black face) and carotenoid-pigmented ornamentation (lemon-yellow undersides). Melanin-pigmented plumage patches were larger in males than females, and males had brighter breast plumage, with a larger ultraviolet component, than females. Among males in the wild, individuals in better condition had more extensive black caps and faces, but not brighter-yellow breasts. Males with larger black caps were more likely to attract mates. This work demonstrates that, in a species with both melanin- and carotenoid-pigmented plumage, melanin-pigmented ornaments can signal condition, and that a melanin-based signal can explain variance in mating success. ¿Funcionan Como Indicadores de la Condición Física y Predicen del Éxito de Apareamiento los Ornamentos del Plumaje Pigmentados con Melanina o Carotenoides en Oporornis formosus? Resumen. Las plumas amarillas y rojas pigmentadas por carotenoides pueden indicar la condición de un ave y son importantes tanto para la elección de machos por parte de las hembras como para la competencia entre machos. Se cree que los ornamentos a base de melanina son menos efectivos como indicadores de condición que los ornamentos carotenoides, aunque su función como señal ha sido menos estudiada. Examinamos plumas ornamentales pigmentadas con carotenoides y melanina en la especie Oporornis formosus. Tanto el macho como la hembra presentan ornamentación pigmentada con melanina (corona negra, rostro negro) y ornamentación pigmentada con carotenoides (flancos inferiores amarillo-limón). Los parches de plumaje pigmentados con melanina fueron mayores en los machos que en las hembras y el plumaje del pecho de los machos fue más brillante y con un componente ultravioleta mayor que el de las hembras. Entre los machos en ambiente natural, los individuos con mejor condición tuvieron coronas y rostros negros más extensos, pero no tuvieron pechos amarillos más brillantes. Los machos con coronas negras más extensas tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de atraer parejas. Este trabajo demuestra que en una especie con plumaje pigmentado con melanina y carotenoides, los ornamentos pigmentados con melanina pueden señalar la condición de los individuos, y que una señal con base en melanina puede explicar la varianza en el éxito reproductivo.