Optimum Substation Placement and Feeder Routing Using GA-MST

Distribution system as an important division of the electric power system as one of the most complicated systems created by the mankind. The problem of distribution system planning is to find the optimum location and sizing of the substation and the optimum feeder configuration to connect the consumers to the distribution substation and distribution substation to the primary substations. This paper proposes an algorithm to find the optimum distribution substation placement and sizing by utilizing the GA algorithm and optimum feeder routing using modified MST. The proposed algorithm has performed on distribution network model with 250 consumers form MV to LV levels. The result indicates that proposed algorithm is able to achieve the optimum number of substation in adequate placement and sizing with optimum feeder routing. The problem constraints of distribution network planning are considered as a part of objective function.

Modeling of the Onset of Gas Entrainment From a Stratified Two-Phase Region Through Branches on a Curved Surface

The present investigation is focused on the onset phenomena from a stratified two-phase region through a single branch located on a semi-circular wall, resembling a circular reservoir of a CANDU header-feeder configuration. Two different models have been developed, over the whole range of branch Froude number, to predict the critical height at the onset of gas-entrainment. The results showed that there is both a maximum and a minimum physical limit of prediction, which depends on the branch size and configuration. Also, at a distinct range of Froude numbers within the physical limits, the predicted values of both models collaborated to the same values. The critical height corresponding to the onset of gas entrainment was found to be a function of the branch orientation and Froude number. Three different experimental data sets at branch orientation angles of zero, 45, and 90 degrees were used to validate the present models. A good concurrence was illustrated between the experimental and theoretical values.