Schema Complexity in Propositional-Based Logics

The essential structure of derivations is used as a tool for measuring the complexity of schema consequences in propositional-based logics. Our schema derivations allow the use of schema lemmas and this is reflected on the schema complexity. In particular, the number of times a schema lemma is used in a derivation is not relevant. We also address the application of metatheorems and compare the complexity of a schema derivation after eliminating the metatheorem and before doing so. As illustrations, we consider a propositional modal logic presented by a Hilbert calculus and an intuitionist propositional logic presented by a Gentzen calculus. For the former, we discuss the use of the metatheorem of deduction and its elimination, and for the latter, we analyze the cut and its elimination. Furthermore, we capitalize on the result for the cut elimination for intuitionistic logic, to obtain a similar result for Nelson’s logic via a language translation.

Early warning: the role of market on entrepreneurial alertness

Given the growth and role of entrepreneurship today, it is becoming increasinglyimportant to understand how new entrepreneurial opportunities get developed. Discussions of the emergence of new entrepreneurial opportunities often include “eureka” moments, but our understanding of how new opportunities get brought forward is limited. We attribute the difference to a loosely defined quality that Kirzner called “entrepreneurial alertness”. Other market actors do not have the responsibility to create innovative market opportunities although they do have an obligation to consider such opportunities once they are available in the marketplace. Consequently, understanding the opportunity identification processrepresents one of the core intellectual questions for the domain of entrepreneurship. So the question of this paper is how are market environments represented and interpreted in the mind of the entrepreneur such that opportunity identification occurs? and what factors impress on it? To achieve this goal we distribute questionnaires between 115 M.A. students from Economics and Management college of University of Sistan & Baluchestan for the years2012 and 2013. Analysis was done by correlation test. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between market disequilibrium, accuracy vs. timeliness, schema complexity, counterfactual thinking, frame-breaking and sensitivity to profit potential and student’s entrepreneurial alertness; but the relationship between ignorance of new resource and excessive optimism or pessimism about resource and student’s entrepreneurial alertness was not significant.

Schema Component Paths for Schema Analysis

Schema component paths define an XPath-like syntax for describing and navigating W3C XML Schema component models. Canonical schema component paths provide a unique, string-comparable designator for each component in schema. MHSCD is a driver than can generate canonical schema component paths or non-canonical schema component paths to a certain depth, or locate a component or set of components in a schema given a schema component path. Component paths can be applied to various schema analysis tasks. The set of canonical schema component paths provides a simple signature for a schema that is robust to differences in the physical organization of the schema document. Comparing two such signatures gives a quick "what's changed between these two schema versions?" summary. This signature can also be used for the calculation of basic schema complexity metrics, including basic counts of components of various types.

ACTORS AND OBSERVERS: ARE THEIR DESCRIPTIONS OF BEHAVIOR INDICATIONS OF THEIR CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS?

Although much of the support for the actor-observer causal attribution hypothesis comes from behavior description studies, the difference between behavior description and causal attribution has been neglected in actor-observer research. Behavior descriptions (e.g., trait ratings) are affected by the size and complexity of one's cognitive schemata about the person being described, which may be unrelated to causal attributions. To test this possibility, pairs of subjects engaged in a brief conversation and then made either trait ratings or causal attributions about their own or the other person's behavior. Although observers made more extreme trait ratings than did actors (supporting the schema complexity notion), observers also made stronger external causal attributions than did actors (contradicting the actor-observer hypothesis). It is concluded that actor-observer differences in descriptions of behavior do not necessarily reflect differences in causal perceptions.