LATE REVISIONS TO WILLIAM SMITH'S 1815 MAP IN THE VICINITY OF CANONBIE AND BEWCASTLE IN THE BORDERLANDS

ABSTRACT Map Y is one of a small number of copies of William Smith's 1815 map A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with Part of Scotland that are now known to have been made after he was awarded the Wollaston Medal in 1831. These copies therefore postdated the publication of his reduced scale version of the great map in 1820, and of his four county maps of northern England in 1824. Map Y made changes to the strata on the English side of the Border from how they had been portrayed on all earlier copies of the 1815 map. Changes of outcrops were made between the colliery village of Canon-bie, just inside Scotland, and the hamlet of Bewcastle, ten miles across the Border in Cumberland. The addition of geological contact lines to Map Y for these added outcrops are evidence of transferring information from the county map to Map Y. Changes made to Map Y in Northumberland provide clues for copying from the northern county maps, but firm evidence of that having happened is harder to find in that neighbouring county.

Utdanning av lærere for det nordlige Norge: De tidlige institusjoner i Trondheim 1717–1732

<p>Educating Teachers for Northern Norway &ndash; the Institutions in Trondheim 1717&ndash;1732</p><p><br />In this article I will give an account of the seminaries between 1717 and 1732 in the cathedral city of Trondheim, Norway. Key questions that the article seeks to answer are who initiated and supported these seminars, and also how they were organized and how staff and seminarians were recruited. Seminarium Scholasticum was initiated by the Danish Society for promoting Christian knowledge (Misjonskollegiet) in Copenhagen. The seminary was located at the Cathedral school in Trondheim and the seminarians were also students here. The purpose of Seminarium Scholasticum was to educate missionaries, catechists and teachers for the Sami population in the northern county of Finnmark. The seminary also served as a pre-school for the University of Copenhagen. Seminarium Domesticum was a private seminary instigated by Thomas von Westen and located in his home in Trondheim. His wealthy wife, Anna von Westen, assisted him and paid the expenses. The two institutions represented two different educational paths. Whilst the prior qualified for positions as missionaries, catechists and teachers, von Westen&rsquo;s seminary qualified for post as assistants for catechists and teachers.</p>

Patriot vs. Patriot: Social Conflict in Virginia and the Origins of the American Revolution

Virginia, Britain's most populous and arguably most important North American colony, once seemed the perfect fit for the “consensus” interpretation of the War of Independence. Indeed, the percentage of white colonists who became loyalists was probably lower in Virginia than in any other rebelling colony. The widespread agreement on secession from Britain should not, however, be mistaken for social consensus. The reality was that revolutionary Virginia was frequently in turmoil. One of the most intriguing of the local insurrections broke out in the northern county of Loudoun just five months before the Declaration of Independence. In February 1776, the county erupted into a heated confrontation pitting gentlemen against their less wealthy neighbours. Lund Washington, who was managing Mount Vernon, warned his cousin, General George Washington, who was outside Boston training his fledgeling patriot army, that the “first Battle we have in this part of the Country will be in Loudon” – not against British soldiers, but against fellow patriots. Within a week, the revolutionary government in Williamsburg, the Committee of Safety, felt compelled to send troops to quell the disturbances. Yet, for months afterwards, gentry Virginians worried that their effort to suppress the rebellion had failed. In mid-May, Andrew Leitch told Leven Powell of Loudoun, “I really lament the torn and distracted condition of your County.” The “troublesome times,” as another gentleman called them, were slow to abate.