Measuring and Analyzing Urban Employment Fluctuations

2007 ◽  
pp. 460-478
Author(s):  
N. Edward Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Employment ◽  
Employment Fluctuations

Relative wages and employment fluctuations

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben M. Andersen ◽  
Michael Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Wages ◽  
Employment Fluctuations

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EMPLOYMENT FLUCTUATIONS ON RURAL SETTLEMENT TRENDS

Baltic Region ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Gennady M. Fedorov ◽  
Sebastian Kinder ◽  
Tatyana Yu. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Employment Fluctuations ◽  
National Settlement ◽  
National Settlement System ◽  
Regional Settlement

Structural changes in the economy and spatial and inter-settlement differences in living standards and quality of life lead to fundamental alterations in the national settlement system. Settlement polarisation is gathering momentum, along with the movement of rural population from Russia’s east and north to its southern and metropolitan regions. These processes benefit urban agglomerations. Typological differences between regional settlement systems, still poorly understood but essential for strategic and spatial planning, are growing. This article draws on the concept of the geographical demographic situation; it uses official statistics on Russian regions and Kaliningrad municipalities and settlements to explore the connection between rural settlement trends and employment fluctuations caused by structural shifts in Russian regional economies. It is shown how settlement polarisation affects differences in settlement trends of meso- and microdistrict levels. Regions are identified that have a capacity for rural-urban migration and corresponding rural employment structure and trends.

scholarly journals Tax Cuts and Fee Reductions and Labor Demand of SMEs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Suwei Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Labor Demand ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Employment Fluctuations ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Stable Employment ◽  
Tax Cuts

<p>Policies to cut taxes and fees are important means to deal with the economic downturn, which strongly support to the development of the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The current study has no consistent conclusion of whether SMEs expand their labor demand because of this. This paper builds a structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the dynamic effects of tax cuts and fee reduction policies on increasing labor demand for SMEs. The empirical results show that tax cuts and fee reductions are important causes of short-term employment fluctuations, but in the long run, it is difficult for taxation policies to have a direct positive effect on employment. Therefore, this article puts forward the idea that different tax incentives can be formulated for small and medium-sized enterprises in the short term according to their life cycles. In the long run, the focus of macro-control needs to be turned to supply management to achieve the goal of stable employment.</p>

enterprises are bound to gravitate towards the big cities and the need for marketed surplus beyond that obtainable from the state farms would re-inforce the already existent pattern of extreme concentration of modern inputs in the few agriculturally developed regions of the country. Fourth, it is unlikely to generate the order of urban employment that is required over the plan period. This failure has various ramifications. For one, un-employment would probably become increasingly worse in the smaller towns or else, the migration into the prime cities from other smaller urban centres would increase without, of course, affecting the overall employment outcome. For another, this would mean an exacerbatian of the social costs of such urbanisation, manifest in the forms of an expanding urban lumpenproletariat, prostitution, and begging. Clearly, none of these phenomena should have an extended life in a socialist system. Furthermore, such unemployment would undermine the utility of the rationing system which would fail to reach this needy class on account of their exchange entitlement failure. To meet the distributional objectives, therefore, it would become necessary to rely increasingly on institutional devices of income sharing as a strategic rather than purely tactical option. Case C: An Alternative This offers an alternative strategic framework for a revised DTYP. The central principle underlying this concerns what is adopted as a trinity of objectives, namely, growth, distributional equity, and grassroots participating institutions. The earlier cases are crucially dependent upon an extended circular flow of investible resources extracted from agriculture and invested in industry and related sectors in the form of large projects. This involves little direct participation on the part of the savers and investments occur largely outside the units or sectors from which resources are extracted. Inevitably, aggregate domestic investments would depend upon the open and hidden contributions of peasant agriculture which would also remain a net contributor or loser in resource terms. It is arguable that this type of investment process is unsuited to an economy like Ethiopia where the level of available investible surplus is low and scattered in small denominations, where the degree of economic fragmentation is extreme, and where even the relatively well-developed centre is unlikely to be able to bear the burden imposed upon it. In addition, this strategy is unmindful of harnessing for productive purposes those investible rural resources which are not extractable and therefore not useable through the centralised and dichotomous investment process mentioned above. The collective framework, that is, Case C, takes the relative emphasis away from major industrial investments and places it on investments within the rural sector. The industrial shift involves the locational, size, product and technology dimensions, making the sector less import-intensive and more labour-intensive. Thus, even if the scale of investment was to be lowered, there might be few net losses (in GDP terms) to output, and perhaps even a net gain in terms of intermediate-level skill creation, as well as in direct and indirect employment generated. This would ease the urban poverty

2013 ◽  
pp. 181-182
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Employment Outcome ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Domestic Investments ◽  
Income Sharing ◽  
Investment Process

Urbanization in India Before and After the Economic Reforms: What Does the Census Data Reveal?

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1213-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raju Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Cultural Mobility

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the recent trends and patterns of urbanization before and after the economic reforms in India. In addition, the paper explores the emerging patterns of urban growth and captures the changes through development indicators based on the available data from the Census of India and National Accounts Statistics. The study employs an exponential growth rate and a linear model for determining the pace of urbanization, which is then plotted on a scatter diagram. It is surprising to note that wherever urbanization was expected to accelerate, it has instead slowed down. Economic reforms have been not uniformly implemented because of the faulty national economic policy which has discouraged the growth of urban employment and is a cause for concern that requires political attention. The study concludes that economic reforms are necessary for accelerating urbanization, promoting small and medium-sized urban areas, human capital, socio-cultural mobility, and plans for eco-friendly green cities.

EXPORT INSTABILITIES AND EMPLOYMENT FLUCTUATIONS IN HONG KONG'S

1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-202
Author(s):  
Tzong-biau LIN ◽  
Yin-ping HO
Keyword(s):  
Employment Fluctuations
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