Lidar Inspection for Indigenous Architecture at Caguana Ceremonial Complex, Borikén

The virtual removal of forest canopies through light detection and ranging (lidar) has enhanced archaeological interpretations of settlement patterns in tropical zones. Although lidar collections of Indigenous landscapes in the Caribbean Archipelago are limited, resolutions from open-access lidar datasets reveal coarse regional settlement patterns and large-scale architecture planning. In this article we inspect the Caguana Ceremonial complex in Utuado, Borikén (Puerto Rico), using a 2016 lidar dataset available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration portal. Visual comparisons between known Indigenous sites, surface anomalies, and site inspections in the three sectors under study identified plazas, possible ancient paths into the Caguana complex, a possible agricultural area west of the site, and the ANG-4 site. This study, the first application of lidar inspections in Puerto Rican archaeology, demonstrates that open-access data can help guide research and save time in field surveys, thus improving our ability to protect the Indigenous cultural heritage hidden under forest canopies.

URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN REGIONAL SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

Исследование посвящено поселкам городского типа и их месту в региональных системах расселения. Рассмотрены особенности развития пгт, выявлен характер их размещения, проведено сравнение экономикогеографического положения городов и поселков городского типа. Предложены варианты выделения различных видов пгт. The paper is dedicated to urban-type settlements and their place in the Russian regional settlement system. The peculiarities of urban-type settlement development are considered, their distribution is identified, the economic and geographical location of cities and urban-type settlements is compared. The variants of different types of urban-type settlements are suggested.

Wiejskie struktury osadnicze i ich przemiany w czasie. Przykład Nowosielca na dawnym pograniczu polsko-rusko-litewskim

The article discusses the results of archaeological-onomastic research carried out for the village of Nowosielec, Łosice dist., situated in the Toczna river basin on the northern edge of Poland’s Siedlce Upland. Archaeological analyses of the chronological and spatial development of this micro-regional settlement showed this oecumene to have been continuously viable from the younger phases of the early Middle Ages to modern times. A trace of the continuity of settlement is preserved as the very place-name Nowosielec = Nowe Sioło (‘New Village’), which records memory of the existence of an older village. Its onomastic base indicates that it derived from the Old East Slavic term seło, which formed the core of many toponyms along the eastern frontier of contemporary Poland. The rise of the oldest settlement was probably related to the socioeconomic facilities of the nearby Dzięcioły stronghold – identified as the pre-location centre of the region (medieval Łosice). The example of Nowosielec and two other local micro-regions where settlement processes show similar patterns, offer insight into the regional settlement regress dated to the 2nd half of the 13th century. Results of the research carried out in the upper Toczna river basin show that its cultural landscape radically changed not earlier than during the 14th-15th centuries and was not caused by a demographic decline. Regional cultural continuity between the early medieval, late medieval, and modern times can be identified thanks to archaeological investigations and linguistic analysis of regional toponyms – in the case of microregions continuously functioning from the early Middle Ages till the modern period –derived from Old Russian apellatives and personal names.

Local changes in regional settlement systems: conditions, features, trends

Introduction. Territorial planning is a basic component of urban planning activities that can ensure a balanced development of the systems of localities. Traditional approaches assume the completeness and accuracy of the assessment of the exis­ting state of the territory. They are poorly consistent with the new features and trends of their organization at the regional level. To improve the system of making urban planning decisions, it is important to determine the characteristics of the observed processes and phenomena, to determine the causes of their occurrence and to predict the consequences. These factors determine the specifics of changes in regional systems. Materials and methods. The study was conducted because of publicly available data: legislative and regulatory acts, open cartographic sources, documents of territorial planning of the subjects of the Russian Federation, materials of urban planning design practice, published works of foreign and domestic scientists. For their generalization and analysis, system analysis, methods of theoretical modeling, and prototyping were used. Results. Based on the systematization of the latest urban planning practice, local changes in regional systems are identified as one of the leading trends. They are determined by socio-economic conditions. The influence of a complex of factors causes the peculiarities of the location of local objects on the territory and the choice of functional programs for their development. Based on the classification and analysis of the identification features of the interaction of regional settlement systems and objects, a theoretical model of their reorganization is developed. Conclusions. The formation of local urbanized formations in Russia is influenced by global trends of regionalization. They are manifested in the polarization of space, the selectivity of the design location of special objects of urban development activities, corresponding to a comprehensive account of regional specifics. New principles of urban planning are being formed in the context of the adopted national strategies, concepts and programs. They combine both the maximum stability of exis­ting systems of localities and their innovatization. This makes it possible to achieve a guaranteed improvement in the quality of life and the human environment in the process of reorganizing the systems of populated places.

К СТАТИСТИЧЕСКОЙ МЕТОДИКЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ СЛОЕВ ПОСЕЛЕНИЙ ЭПОХИ БРОНЗЫ (РАБОТА НАД ОШИБКАМИ)

В статье предлагается подход к изучению культурного слоя с точки зрения разведочного анализа данных – одного из разделов математической статистики. Культурный слой объекта археологии, зачастую невозможно или нерационально изучить полностью, т. е. подвергнуть полным раскопкам. Поэтому, описываются основные разновидности выборок: случайная выборка, систематизированная случайная выборка и стратифицированная случайная выборка, необходимые для получения неискаженного представления о генеральной совокупности – культурном слое. Также приводятся основные принципы формирования случайных выборок. На примере культурных слоев поселений позднего бронзового века Южного Зауралья описываются статистические методы расчета доверительных интервалов средних и пропорций. Они применяется для изучения насыщенности культурного слоя материальными остатками и их разнообразие для характеристики всей недоступной для изучения генеральной совокупности. Взаключение приводится способ расчета необходимой для вскрытия площади для характеристики ранее не изученных объектов. Делается вывод, что в сочетании со статистическим подходом, вскрытие малых площадей может гарантировать изучение культурного слоя при сохранении объекта культурного наследия. Библиографические ссылки Авдусин Д.А. Полевая археология СССР. М., 1980. 335 с. Алаева И.П. Проблема продолжительности существования поселений бронзового века Южного Зауралья // V (XXI) Всероссийский археологический съезд. Сборник научных трудов [Электронный ресурс] / Отв. ред. А.П. Деревянко, А.А.Тишкин. Барнаул: Изд-во АлтГУ, 2017. C. 51-52. Бикмулина Л.Р., Якимов А.С., Куприянова Е.В., Чечушков И.В., Баженов А.И. Геохимические особенности «зольника» поселения бронзового века Стрелецкое-1 лесостепного Зауралья. // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2017. № 4(39). C. 154-163. Ковалевская (Деопик) В.Б. 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REGIONAL SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS AND TERRITORIES WITH PREFERENTIAL MODES INTERACTION AND DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES

The presence in the newest Russian urban planning practice of special objects of professional activity - local urbanized formations is revealed. Their appearance is due to the adoption of new regulatory legal acts in various sectors of activity, significantly expanding the scope of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation. They establish general requirements for the formation of territories with preferential development regimes and their subsequent use, which contain the prerequisites for significant changes in the state of territorial objects and their systems. However, to date, they are not fully used either at the stage of developing urban planning documentation, or at the stage of its implementation. Urban planning practice indicates the need to establish the relationship between the properties and characteristics of regional systems of settlements and local formations, depending on environmental factors. As a result of the analysis and systematization of modern experience in the implementation of projects for the development of local territories, the influence of the activity of their urban development on the parameters of the functioning of regional systems has been established. The revealed dependence is proposed to be used in the development of model schemes for the reorganization of regional systems, which characterize their susceptibility to the emergence of new centers of urban development. The expediency of using the developed theoretical models in the process of improving the methodology of territorial planning has been substantiated. Purposeful planning of local territories in settlement systems is presented as forecasting the emergence of new foci of development through a comprehensive assessment and consideration of the available resource potential. Thus, it ensures the regulated development of the territory. This is expressed in the achievement of the predicted parameters of changes in the state of regional settlement systems, corresponding to the conditions and requirements of their functioning. The main difference between the proposed methodology and traditional approaches lies in the simultaneous provision of the stability of the formed spatial structures and the innovation of the forms of regional systems due to the activity of local formations.

THE EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EMPLOYMENT FLUCTUATIONS ON RURAL SETTLEMENT TRENDS

Structural changes in the economy and spatial and inter-settlement differences in living standards and quality of life lead to fundamental alterations in the national settlement system. Settlement polarisation is gathering momentum, along with the movement of rural population from Russia’s east and north to its southern and metropolitan regions. These processes benefit urban agglomerations. Typological differences between regional settlement systems, still poorly understood but essential for strategic and spatial planning, are growing. This article draws on the concept of the geographical demographic situation; it uses official statistics on Russian regions and Kaliningrad municipalities and settlements to explore the connection between rural settlement trends and employment fluctuations caused by structural shifts in Russian regional economies. It is shown how settlement polarisation affects differences in settlement trends of meso- and microdistrict levels. Regions are identified that have a capacity for rural-urban migration and corresponding rural employment structure and trends.