Summary
Background
Juberg-Hayward syndrome (JHS; MIM 216100) is a rare autosomal recessive malformation syndrome, characterized by cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, short stature, hypoplasia or aplasia of thumbs, and dislocation of radial head and fusion of humerus and radius leading to elbow restriction.
Objective
To report for the first time the molecular aetiology of JHS.
Patient and methods
Clinical and radiographic examination, whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, mutant protein model construction, and in situ hybridization of Esco2 expression in mouse embryos were performed.
Results
Clinical findings of the patient consisted of repaired cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, short stature, delayed bone age, hypoplastic fingers and thumbs, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, and humeroradial synostosis leading to elbow restriction. Intelligence is normal. Whole exome sequencing of the whole family showed a novel homozygous base substitution c.1654C>T in ESCO2 of the proband. The sister was homozygous for the wildtype variant. Parents were heterozygous for the mutation. The mutation is predicted to cause premature stop codon p.Arg552Ter. Mutations in ESCO2, a gene involved in cohesin complex formation, are known to cause Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome. Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome and JHS share similar clinical findings, including autosomal recessive inheritance, short stature, cleft lip/palate, severe upper limb anomalies, and hypoplastic digits. Esco2 expression during the early development of lip, palate, eyelid, digits, upper limb, and lower limb and truncated protein model are consistent with the defect.
Conclusions
Our study showed that Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome and JHS are allelic and distinct entities. This is the first report demonstrating that mutation in ESCO2 causes JHS, a cohesinopathy.
The Serological Evidence of Cytomegalovirus Infection as a Potent Aetiological Factor for Cleft Lip/Palate, Mental Retardation and Deafness
