An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effects of nanoscale drinking water treatment residuals (nWTRs) on arsenic (As) fractionation and speciation in agricultural soil amended with biosolids. The soils were treated with biosolids of 3% (w/w), along with nWTR application rates of 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.00% (w/w). The results revealed that the As adsorption rate increased with increasing the As treatment level from 50 to 800 mg/L. The maximum efficiency of As adsorption was 95%–98% in the soil treated with nWTRs of 1%, while the least As adsorption was 53%–91% in the soil treated with nWTRs of 0.25%. The overall As bioavailability in the biosolids-amended soil followed a descending order of nWTRs treatment: (0%) > 0.25% nWTRs, >0.50% nWTRs, and >1% nWTRs. The addition of nWTRs significantly changed As speciation in biosolids-amended soil. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) and MINEQL+4.6 analyses showed that most of As was in a oxidized form of As5+ that likely incorporated in As pentoxide, and thus, with low mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. This study demonstrated that nWTRs were effective in adsorbing and immobilizing As in biosolids-amended agricultural soils by forming stable As-nWTR surface complexes.
Electrochemical technologies for per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances mitigation in drinking water and water treatment residuals
