Functional bread enreached with regional bioactive food additives

The scientific work presents materials of theoretical and experimental substantiation of the use of regional bioactive food additives, namely wild plants of the legume family (Fabaceae), permitted for use in the food industry: sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), red meadow clover (Trifolium pratense), white acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) in the production of functional foods [1]. Experimental studies of the safety indicators of food wild-growing plants (FWP) have been carried out. It was found that the studied FWP growing in ecologically clean areas of the North Ossetia-Alania are distinguished by a low mass fraction of toxic substances. Two fractions of cellulose were investigated: 1 - water-soluble (pectic acid, pectin, methylcellulose); 2 - water-insoluble (protopectin, cellulose, hemicellulose). The increased content of dietary fiber in WGP powders has been established, corresponding to the physiological norms of satisfying the daily requirement for FWP and, in this regard, indicating the expediency of using functional food in formulations for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and atherosclerosis. The sorption capacity of WGP powders with respect to lead has been investigated. All studied powders of WGP modification products are characterized by high sorption capacity. The technologies of flour products with the addition of FWP powders have been developed. The results of clinical and preclinical studies of the developed functional bread show a corrective effect of glycemic blood parameters, as well as a decrease in the lead content in the blood of fed laboratory rat pups by almost two times, compared with the control.

Gas desulfurization adsorption technology

Adsorption technologies used for gas desulfurization are a widespread technique which, due to its relative simplicity, are widely used to the purification smaller volumes of gas. However, for their trouble-free and economical use, it is necessary to respect several basic requirements for the selection of suitable types of adsorbents with respect to the specific composition of the purified gas. The article provides a brief overview of the history of the development of adsorption technologies and also provides several different examples of the operational use of this technology for the purification of gases containing high concentrations of sulfur substances. Furthermore, the principles of correct selection of a suitable adsorbent for specific application cases are also specified here. Iron oxide adsorbents were used in the early times of the operation of the technology, which were inexpensive but had a relatively low sorption capacity for sulfur compounds. Therefore, sorbents based on iron oxides have been gradually replaced by more powerful, but also more expensive sorbents based on activated carbon. Initially, activated carbon without impregnation was used, the production of which took place in the Czech Republic on an industrial scale. By the further development of impregnated types of activated carbon and their introduction into industrial production, these adsorbents have been also used in adsorption technologies intended for gas desulfurization. Their sorption capacity is much higher in comparison with non-impregnated types of activated carbon, because the impregnants used convert sulfur compounds from gas into non-volatile substances (elemental sulfur, sulfides, polysulfides). This ensures a long service life of the adsorbent and high efficiency of gas purification from sul-fur substances.

Evaluation of phosphate sorption capacity and external phosphorus requirement of some agricultural soils of the southwestern Ethiopian highlands

<span>One of the most soil fertility management problems for crop production on acidic soils of the Ethiopian highlands is phosphorus fixation. The research was executed to assess the P-sorption capacity and to determine the external P requirement of different acidic soils in the Southwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Phosphorus sorption capacity (Kf) and its relation with selected soil characteristics were assessed for some major agricultural soils in the Ethiopian highlands to answer the questions, ‘What are the amount of P-sorption capacity and external P requirement of Nitisols, Luvisols, Alisols, and Andosols in Ethiopia?’. Twelve surface soil samples (at depth of 0-30 cm) were gathered and the P-sorption capacity was estimated. Phosphorus-sorption data were obtained by equilibrating 1 g of the 12 soil samples with 25 ml of KH₂PO₄ in 0.01 M CaCl2, having 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, and 330 mg P L^-1 for 24 hours. The data were adjusted to the Freundlich adsorption model and the relationship among P-sorption and soil characteristics was established by correlation analysis. Clay content and exchangeable acidity, organic matter, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ oxides have affected phosphorus-sorption at a significance level of (P &lt; 0.05). Alisols had the highest Kf value (413 mg kg^-1) but Nitisols had the lowest Kf (280 mg kg^-1). The external phosphorus fertilizer requirement of the soils was in the order of 25, 30, 32, and 26 mg P kg^-1 for Nitisols, Luvisols, Alisols, and Andosols sequentially. The Kf varies among different soil types of the study area. The magnitude of the soil’s Kf was affected by the pH of the soil, soil OM content, and oxides of Fe and Al. Therefore, knowledge of the soils’ P retention capacity is highly crucial to determine the correct rate of P </span><span>fertilizer</span><span> for crop production.</span>

Evaluation of the Sorption Capacity of a Maleic Acid Copolymer Towards Gold(III) Ions and Production of Catalytically Active Gold Nanoparticles on Its Base

Two spectrophotometric approaches are suggested for the assessment of the concentration of gold(III) cations in an aqueous solution: direct recording of the optical density of gold cations and galvanic substitution of silver atoms in polymer-stabilized silver nanoparticles with gold cations. The sorption capacity of a maleic acid copolymer towards gold cations is estimated. A colloidal composite containing gold nanoparticles is obtained from the polymeric gold salt. The catalytic properties of the resulting polymer-stabilized nanogold are studied in the aerobic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid.

Selective Removal of Sodium Ions from Aqueous Media Using Effective Adsorbents: Optimization by RSM and Genetic Algorithm

This study aimed to determine the best adsorbent among Moringa oleifera-derived activated carbon (AC), eggshell-derived CaO nanoparticles and CaO/Fe3O4 for sodium (Na+) removal from aqueous media. In the first step, the appropriate adsorbent for sodium adsorption was determined among the three adsorbents, which the results showed that the AC had the highest sorption efficiency. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the impact of different factors on the Na+ ion sorption efficiency using the AC. The highest removal efficiency was obtained to be 95.91% at optimum conditions such as pH of 11, contact time of 45 min, temperature of 25 °C, sodium ion concentration of 900 mg/L, and adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L. Also, the best conditions using the genetic algorithm was obtained at contact time of 94.97 min, adsorbent dosage of 3.52 g/L, Na+ ion concentration of 939.92 mg/L and pH value of 10.92. Moreover, the maximum sorption capacity using the Langmuir model was obtained to be 249.67 mg/g, which was a significant value. Besides, the equilibrium and kinetic studies indicated that the experimental data of sodium adsorption process were fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. Furthermore, the thermodynamic study indicated that the sorption process was endothermic. Generally, among the three adsorbents used, activated carbon with a high removal efficiency and significant sorption capacity can be considered as a promising adsorbent for the removal of sodium from wastewater on an industrial scale.

COMPARISON OF THE ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF CARBON SORBENTS FROM DIFFERENT PLANT PRECURSORS

The sorption capacity of activated carbon obtained from various plant precursors – apple wood, birch wood, pine cones and cellolignin was studied. The plant material was first subjected to carbonation by heating to a temperature of 700 °C and further exposure at this temperature. The total heating time was 8 hours. Charcoal was then subjected to steam activation at a reactor temperature of 950 °C and an activation time of 40–45 minutes. The yield of activated carbon estimated on charcoal was 42–46%. The characteristics of the porous structure were determined by the method of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The total specific surface area according to the BET method was (m2/g) 674, 594, 552, 552, 622 for apple wood, birch wood, pine cones, cellolignin and an industrial sample of activated carbon, respectively. Determination of the adsorption capacity by iodine adsorption methods showed that this value, depending on the source of raw materials, falls in the order: birch wood > cellolignin ≈ apple wood > pine cones. The data on the sorption of benzene characterize approximately the same range of sorption capacity: birch wood > cellolignin > pine cones ≈ apple wood. The data on the sorption capacity show that unconventional plant raw materials can be used to produce activated carbon.

Analysis of sorption capacity of natural sorbents in relation to aqueous solutions of heavy metal compounds

The main preconditions emergence of an environmental crisis in the country due to surface water pollution include irrational use of water resources in violation of the environmental requirements, discharge of untreated and insufficiently treated industrial and municipal wastewater into water bodies and inflow of polluting substances from agricultural lands as a result of surface water drainage. The whole set of considered factors leads to depletion and pollution of surface water of Ukraine, reduction of their self-cleaning capacity, degradation, impoverishment and collapse of aquatic ecosystems. Excessive content of heavy metal ions in surface water has a negative impact on the environment, causing acute and chronic diseases. Ingress of such pollutants into surface water is almost entirely due to anthropogenic economic activity. Wastewater from chemical, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy brings a great amount of such pollutants. Among various methods used for removing heavy metal ions from aqueous media, sorption methods remain one of the most effective and popular, mainly due to the fact that they ensure a high degree of purification at relatively low costs. Along with the adsorbents traditionally involved in these processes, a number of studies and practical implementations with use of natural dispersed minerals as adsorbents were conducted lately. The research aims at studying the sorption capacity and efficiency of natural and modified sorbent such as bentonite clay for purification of aqueous solutions containing heavy metal ions in the form of dissolved compounds and justifying its potential application. It studies the efficiency of wastewater treatment aimed at removing heavy metal ions by the natural clay sorbent of bentonite clays of the Cherkaskyi Deposit (Dashukovskyi deposit). The paper presents a technique for modification of bentonite clay in order to increase its adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions using the following three methods: physical (thermal), chemical (processing with application of Iron(III) chloride solution) and combined (thermal processing of the original sorbent followed by processing with application of Iron(III) chloride solution). It has been experimentally proved that a natural sorbent modified via thermal and chemical processing is characterized by a high absorption capacity to heavy metal ions contained in water solutions, in particular to chromium(VI) ions, copper(II) ions and aluminum(III) ions with the purification degree ranging from 5% to 83%. The highest adsorption rate, 83%, is demonstrated by the combined method of bentonite clay modification, therefore proving the effectiveness of application of environmentally friendly natural sorbents for wastewater treatment processes aimed at removing heavy metal ions. The paper indicates the advantages of wastewater treatment sorption methods allowing removal of pollutants of different origin and any concentration.

Recent trends in Ni(II) sorption from aqueous solutions using natural materials

The use of materials of natural origin for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions has gained attention in recent years among the scientific community. This is explained by the fact that nickel compounds, due to severe health consequences, are considered to be among the most dangerous to the environment. This article reviews the results of studies on the use of biosorbents for purification of aqueous solutions from nickel ions, and then attempts to classify them according to their origin. The characteristics of materials and their sorption capacity have been compared, and the removal mechanisms identified of which chemisorption and ion exchange are considered to be the most common. From the analyses, a major trend is the use of biomass; however, biosorbents from other groups also continue to attract the interest of researchers. Conducting laboratory studies can help select materials with high efficiency. The highest sorption capacity values for the materials in each group were: for waste products 56 mg Ni·g−1 (olive stone), for peat 61 mg Ni·g−1, for miscellaneous 225 mg Ni·g−1 (microbial flocculant GA1), for biomass 286 mg Ni·g−1 (Plantanus orientalis bark) and for composites/modified materials calcinated eggshells 769 mg Ni·g−1 (calcinated eggshells). However, for some materials the sorption phenomenon may be accompanied by precipitation in the presence of hydroxides, which significantly affects the sorption capacity achieved. There is a need to transfer these experiments to an industrial scale so as to verify their applicability. In such industrial scale applications, attention should be paid not only to the effectiveness of the material, but also to its availability, price, and ease of use, as well as the effect of the biosorbent in terms of changing the quality parameters of the aquatic environment.