The protease (PR) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is essential for replication of the virus, and accordingly has become an attractive target for the development of an antiretroviral drug. We have previously reported that passage of HIV-1 in the presence of increasing concentrations of the C-2 symmetrical, linear diol P9941 resulted in the isolation of virus with a valine-to-alanine change at position 82 (V82A) of the PR, and reduced sensitivity to certain PR inhibitors. In this study, we passaged four different variants of HIV-1 in increasing concentrations of XM323, and isolated variants with reduced sensitivity to inhibitors of PR. Twenty-three passages of HIV-1 (RF) in the presence of XM323 resulted in a variant that exhibited an approximately 100-fold reduction in susceptibility to XM323 and that contained V82F and I84V changes. When two other viruses, HIV-1 (RF41D2) and HIV-1(RF41E4), previously derived from HIV-1 (RF) by passage in the presence of P9941, were passaged in the presence of XM323, variants with V82A/L97V and M46L/V82A/L97V changes, respectively, were obtained. The M46L/V82A/L97V variant showed a 6-fold reduction in sensitivity to XM323, whereas the susceptibility of the V82A/L97V mutant remained unchanged. Seventeen passages of a clinical isolate of HIV-1, HIV-1 (Pat.E), in the presence of XM323 produced a V82F/L97V mutant with an approximately 9-fold reduction in sensitivity to XM323.
Substrate Envelope-Designed Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors to Avoid Drug Resistance
