The effect of introducing pipelines into irrigation water distribution systems on the farm economy: a case study in the Southern Governorates Rural Development Project, Republic of Yemen

10.1002/ird.2 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Rozgar Baban ◽  
Mohammad Aidrus Ali
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Development Project

Demand Forecasting for Irrigation Water Distribution Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 422-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pulido-Calvo ◽  
J. Roldán ◽  
R. López-Luque ◽  
J. C. Gutiérrez-Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Water Distribution Systems

Drip Line Flushing with Chlorine May Not Be Effective in Reducing Bacterial Loads in Irrigation Water Distribution Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY THERESA CALLAHAN ◽  
SASHA C. MARINE ◽  
KATHRYNE L. EVERTS ◽  
SHIRLEY A. MICALLEF
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Ph Monitoring ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Drip Line ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Installation Depth

ABSTRACT Irrigation water distribution systems are used to supply water to produce crops, but the system may also provide a protected environment for the growth of human pathogens present in irrigation water. In this study, the effects of drip tape installation depth and sanitization on the microbial quality of irrigation groundwater were evaluated. Drip tape lines were installed on the soil surface or 5 or 10 cm below the soil surface. Water samples were collected from the irrigation source and the end of each drip line every 2 weeks over an 11-week period, and the levels of Escherichia coli, total coliforms, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, and enterococci were quantified. Half of the lines installed at each depth were flushed with sodium hypochlorite for 1 h during week 6 to achieve a residual of 10 ppm at the end of the line. There was a statistically significant (P =0.01) effect of drip tape installation depth and sanitizer application on the recovery of E. coli, with increased levels measured at the 5-cm depth and in nonsanitized lines, although the levels were at the limit of detection, potentially confounding the results. There was no significant effect of drip tape depth on total coliforms, aerobic mesophiles, or enterococci. In contrast, a statistically significant increase (P < 0.01) in the recovery of total coliforms was recorded from the ends of lines that received chlorine. This may be indicative of shedding of cells owing to degradation of biofilms that formed on the inner walls of the lines. These findings emphasize the need to better understand conditions that may lead to corrosion and increases in bacterial loads inside drip lines during flushing. Recommendations to growers should suggest collecting groundwater samples for testing at the end of drip lines rather than at the source. Guidelines on flushing drip lines with chlorine may need to include water pH monitoring, a parameter that influences the corrosive properties of chlorine.

Detecting Cyber-Physical Attacks in Water Distribution Systems: One-class Classifier Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashor Housh ◽  
Noy Kadosh ◽  
Alex Frid
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Features Selection ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Detection Problem ◽  
One Class Classification

<p>Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) are critical infrastructures that supply drinking water from water sources to end-users. Smart WDSs could be designed by integrating physical components (e.g. valve and pumps) with computation and networking devices. As such, in smart WDSs, pumps and valves are automatically controlled together with continuous monitoring of important systems' parameters. However, despite its advantage of improved efficacy, the automated control and operation through a cyber-layer can expose the system to cyber-physical attacks. One-Class classification technique is proposed to detect such attacks by analyzing collected sensors' readings from the system components. One-class classifiers have been found suitable for classifying "normal" and "abnormal" conditions with unbalanced datasets, which are expected in the cyber-attack detection problem. In the cyber-attack detection problem, typically, most of the data samples are under the "normal" state, and only small fraction of the samples can be suspected as under-attack (i.e. "abnormal" state). The results of this study demonstrate that one-class classification algorithms can be suitable for the cyber-attack detection problem and can compete with existing approaches. More specifically, this study examines the Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) method together with a tailored features selection methodology, which is based on the physical understanding of the WDS topology. The developed algorithm is examined on BATADAL datasets, which demonstrate a quasi-realistic case study and on a new case study of a large-scale WDS.</p>

scholarly journals Optimal selection of number and location of pressure sensors in water distribution systems using geostatistical tools coupled with genetic algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fattah Soroush ◽  
Mohammad J. Abedini
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Random Search ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Search Optimization ◽  
First Time

Abstract This paper presents a novel methodology for designing an optimal pressure sensor to make average pressure field in water distribution systems (WDS) more accurate via geostatistical tools coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) under normal operating condition. In light of this, the objective function is introduced based on geostatistical technique as variance of residual of block ordinary kriging (BOK). In order to solve the problem of sensor placement, three different approaches, so-called, simplified, exhaustive, and random search optimization are considered. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time whereby geostatistical tools are used to design a pressure monitoring network in the WDS. The proposed methodology is first tested and verified on a literature case study of Anytown WDS and then is applied to a real-world case study referred to as C-Town consisting of five district metered areas (DMAs). The proposed methodology has several advantages over existing more conventional approaches which will be demonstrated in this paper. The results indicate that this method outperforms the conventional paradigms in current use in terms of mathematical labor and the results are quite promising.

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