Continuing advances in the fields of very-large-scale integration (VLSI), ultralarge-scale integration (ULSI), and gigascale integration (GSI), leading to the continuing development of smaller and smaller devices, have continually challenged the fields of materials, processes, and circuit designs. The existing metallization schemes for ohmic contacts, gate metal, and interconnections are inadequate for the ULSI and GSI era. An added concern is the reliability of aluminum and its alloys as the current carrier. Also, the higher resistivity of Al and its use in two-dimensional networks have been considered inadequate, since they lead to unacceptably high values of the so-called interconnection delay or RC delay, especially in microprocessors and application-specific integrated circuits (ICs). Here, R refers to the resistance of the interconnection and C to the total capacitance associated with the interlayer dielectric. For the fastest devices currently available and faster ones of the future, the RC delay must be reduced to such a level that the contribution of RC to switching delays (access time) becomes a small fraction of the total, which is a sum of the inherent device delay associated with the semiconductor, the device geometry and type, and the RC delay.
APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RADEMACHER AND WALSH FUNCTIONS