In 1965, spawning was studied on the island beaches of the eastern part of Iliamna Lake from a 5.5-m tower mounted on a 9.1-m boat and with the use of scuba. Over 3 million sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), utilized nearly 130 ha of the beaches surveyed during the period August 8–21. The total spawning population and utilized area of shoreline of all the islands in the lake were greater since each area was surveyed only once and possible multiple waves of spawners were not taken into account, and not all of the island shoreline was surveyed by the above methods. The salmon generally spawned in dense groups, over immovable rock, in exposed areas with no upwelling ground water, and with little display of territorial defense. Density ranged from less than 0.1 fish to more than 5 fish per 0.84 m2 (1 yard2). The latter density prevailed on reefs and outside points of the islands. Seventy-three per cent of spawning took place over bottom with irregular rocks from 102 to 305 mm (4–12 inches) in diam, and over 90% at depths from 2 to 6 m (6–20 ft) on bottom with slopes from 15 to 25°. Commonly, in a group of fish, one or more of the females were seen with their vents down in rock interstices, emitting eggs, while the males in close proximity were observed releasing milt. Eggs on the beaches are probably aerated by wind-generated lake currents and seiches. Of 3553 eggs collected from several island beaches, 6.8% were infertile.Several features of the spawning behavior and environment are favorable to the survival of eggs and fry. The bottom is not scoured. Most eggs are deposited between immovable rocks and are thus not disturbed by subsequent spawners. Fry emerging from the beaches have immediate access to the large food supply in the lake. Some hazards are predation on eggs by fishes, freezing, and ultraviolet radiation of eggs in shallow water, and smothering of eggs in areas with a high density of eggs or algal growth.
Immunocytochemical Investigation of a Salmonid Olfactory System-Specific Protein in the Kokanee Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
