Reproductive Consequences of Dietary Specialization and Switching in an Ecological Generalist

1987 ◽  
pp. 417-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Pierotti ◽  
Cynthia Annett
The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Votier ◽  
Stuart Bearhop ◽  
Norman Ratcliffe ◽  
Robert W. Furness

AbstractMost of the Great Skuas (Stercorarius skua) breeding at Hermaness, Shetland, exhibit dietary specialization: a small proportion feed almost exclusively upon seabird prey, a small proportion feed as generalists, and most feed on fishery discards. We investigated the foraging dynamics, reproductive performance, and survival of Great Skuas that specialized in depredating other seabirds compared with those feeding predominantly on fish. Around half of the specialist bird predators defended combined breeding and feeding territories that included a section of seabird colony; the remainder of the predatory skuas foraged away from breeding territories. Specialist bird predators retained their feeding habit and, if present, feeding territory, across years. Time budgets revealed that specialist bird predators spent less time foraging than skuas feeding predominantly on fish. Results of radio-telemetry indicated that bird-specialist skuas have smaller home ranges than other birds. In a comparison of reproductive performance, specialist bird predators consistently hatched earlier among years. They also showed larger clutch volumes and improved chick condition, but these were subject to annual variations. Hatching success and fledging success for specialist bird predators and specialist fish predators were similar. Specialist bird predators showed similar annual survival compared with fish-feeders over the same period. Specializing as a bird predator may be limited to the best birds in the population, but their poorer than predicted breeding success reveals the need for further study into the relationship between diet and reproductive success in this species.Consecuencias Reproductivas para Individuos de Stercorarius skua que se Especializan como Depredadores de Aves MarinasResumen. La mayoría de los individuos de Stercorarius skua que se reproducen en Hermaness, Shetland, presentan una especialización de la dieta: una proporción pequeña se alimenta casi exclusivamente de aves marinas, otra proporción pequeña generalista y la mayoría se alimenta de desechos de pesqueros. Se investigó la dinámica de forrajeo, el desempeño reproductivo y la supervivencia de individuos de S. skua que se especializan en la depredación de otras aves marinas comparándolo con otros que se alimentan predominantemente de pescado. Cerca de la mitad de los depredadores especialistas de aves defienden de manera combinada territorios para reproducción y para alimentación que incluyen una sección de la colonia: el resto de los individuos depredadores forrajean lejos de los territorios de reproducción. Los aves depredadores especialistas de aves mantienen sus há bitos alimenticios y, en caso de presentarse, el territorio para alimentación, a través de los años. Los presupuestos de tiempo revelaron que los depredadores especialistas de aves pasan menos tiempo forrajeando que los que se alimentan predominantemente de pescado. Los resultados de radio-telemetría indicaron que las aves especialistas tienen rangos de hogar menores que otras aves. En una comparación de desempeño reproductivo, los depredadores especialistas de aves presentaron fechas de eclosión más tempranas, las cuales se repitieron a traves de los años. Así mismo, mostraron volúmenes de puesta más grandes y mejor condición de las crías, pero éstos estuvieron sujetos a variaciones anuales. El éxito de eclosión y el éxito de emplumamiento de los depredadores especialistas de aves y de los depredadores especialistas de pescado fueron similares. Los depredadores especialistas de aves mostraron una supervivencia anual similar a la de los que se alimentan de pescado durante el mismo periodo. La especialización como depredador de aves puede limitarse a las mejores aves de la población, pero el bajo éxito reproductivo encontrado, contrario a lo predicho, revela la necesidad de estudios adicionales sobre la relación entre la dieta y el éxito reproductivo en esta especie.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1866-1876
Author(s):  
Laurie A. Hall ◽  
Susan E. W. De La Cruz ◽  
Isa Woo ◽  
Tomohiro Kuwae ◽  
John Y. Takekawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
J.R. Newby ◽  
N.J. DeCesare

Nutritional condition embodies environmental conditions experienced by animals with survival and reproductive consequences. Body fat is often associated with ungulate fecundity; however, other nutritional currencies may limit fecundity. Using data from 129 moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)) monitored over 429 moose-years, we examined the limiting role of multiple nutritional currencies on pregnancy rates while concurrently assessing the influence of age and prior reproduction. Females tended to be pregnant in successive years, suggesting differences in individual or habitat quality. However, probability of pregnancy declined with survival of calves from prior litters, indicating a reproductive cost to rearing offspring. Pregnancy was positively associated with serum iron (Fe), body fat, body mass, and serum protein. The best model predicting pregnancy included serum Fe, body fat, and age class, with serum Fe being the strongest single predictor. Moose with Fe concentrations considered deficient in cattle (Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758) had pregnancy rates of 33%–35%, whereas 89%–91% of individuals with sufficient Fe were pregnant. We subsequently evaluated hypotheses concerning factors potentially limiting Fe concentrations, including Fe-deficient diet, chronic infection, parasitism, and malnutrition. The best supported hypothesis was energy and protein malnutrition constrained Fe stores. We conclude that subclinical anemia due to nutritional constraints can limit or indicate limits in moose fecundity.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sudta ◽  
D.M. Salcido ◽  
M.L. Forister ◽  
T. Walla ◽  
S. Villamarín-Cortez ◽  
...  

AbstractSome of the most common ecological interactions are between plants and herbivorous insects, and these relationships are central to the study of ecological specialization. We address established assumptions about the positive association between local abundance and dietary specialization using a 17-year dataset on the caterpillars of Ecuador. Our long-term data include standardized plot-based samples as well as general, regional collections, allowing for investigations across spatial scales and using different indices of abundance for 1917 morphospecies of Lepidoptera from 33 families. We find that specialists are locally more abundant than generalists, consistent with a key component of the “jack of all trades, master of none” hypothesis, which has otherwise received poor to mixed support from previous studies that have mostly involved fewer species and shorter time series. Generalists achieve greater prevalence across the landscape, and we find some evidence for geographic variation in the abundance-diet breadth relationship, in particular among elevational bands. Interspecific variation in abundance also had a negative relationship with diet breadth, with specialists having more variable abundances across species. The fact that more specialized species can be both rare and common highlights the ecological complexity of specialization.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Vertacnik ◽  
Danielle Herrig ◽  
R Keating Godfrey ◽  
Tom Hill ◽  
Scott Geib ◽  
...  

A central goal in evolutionary biology is to determine the predictability of adaptive genetic changes. Despite many documented cases of convergent evolution at individual loci, little is known about the repeatability of gene family expansions and contractions. To address this void, we examined gene family evolution in the redheaded pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei, a non-eusocial hymenopteran and exemplar of a pine-specialized lineage evolved from angiosperm-feeding ancestors. After assembling and annotating a draft genome, we manually annotated multiple gene families with chemosensory, detoxification, or immunity functions and characterized their genomic distributions and evolutionary history. Our results suggest that expansions of bitter gustatory receptor (GR), clan 3 cytochrome P450 (CYP3), and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) subfamilies may have contributed to pine adaptation. By contrast, there was no evidence of recent gene family contraction via pseudogenization. Next, we compared the number of genes in these same families across insect taxa that vary in diet, dietary specialization, and social behavior. In Hymenoptera, herbivory was associated with large GR and small olfactory receptor (OR) families, eusociality was associated with large OR and small AMP families, and--unlike investigations among more closely related taxa--ecological specialization was not related to gene family size. Overall, our results suggest that gene families that mediate ecological interactions may expand and contract predictably in response to particular selection pressures, however, the ecological drivers and temporal pace of gene gain and loss likely varies considerably across gene families.


The Condor ◽  
10.1650/7599 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Valera ◽  
Richard H. Wagner ◽  
Marilo Romero-Pujante ◽  
Jose E. Gutiérrez ◽  
Pedro J. Rey

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