Increased Risk of Calcium Oxalate Stones in Young Females

AbstractA total of 1520 patients with urinary stones from central China were collected and analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy between October 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019. For all patients, age, sex, comorbidities, stone location, laboratory examination and geographic region were collected. The most common stone component was calcium oxalate (77.5%), followed by calcium phosphate (8.7%), infection stone (7.6%), uric acid (UA) stone (5.3%)and cystine (0.9%). The males had more calcium oxalate stones (p < 0.001), while infection stone and cystine stones occurred more frequently in females (p < 0.001). The prevalence peak occurred at 41–60 years in both men and women. UA stones occurred frequently in patients with lower urinary pH (p < 0.001), while neutral urine or alkaline urine (p < 0.001) and urinary infection (p < 0.001) were more likely to be associated with infection stone stones. Patients with high levels of serum creatinine were more likely to develop UA stones (p < 0.001). The proportion of UA stones in diabetics was higher (p < 0.001), and the incidence of hypertension was higher in patients with UA stones (p < 0.001). Compared to the other types, more calcium oxalate stones were detected in the kidneys and ureters (p < 0.001), whereas struvite stones were more frequently observed in the lower urinary tract (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in stone composition across the Qinling-Huaihe line in central China except UA stones, which were more frequently observed in patients south of the line (p < 0.001).

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The Relation between the Concentration of Calcium Salts in the Urine and Renal Stone Composition in Patients with Calcium-Containing Renal Stones

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0430433 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 433-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

R. W. Marshall ◽

M. Cochran ◽

W. G. Robertson ◽

A. Hodgkinson ◽

B. E. C. Nordin

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Renal Stones ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Stone Composition ◽

Calcium Oxalate Stones ◽

Urine Oxalate ◽

The Difference ◽

Normal Urine ◽

Normal Men

1. Diurnal variations in urine calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate activity products were observed in normal men and patients with recurrent calcium oxalate or mixed oxalate—phosphate renal stones. 2. Maximum and minimum calcium oxalate products were higher in the patients than in the controls, the difference being most marked in the patients with calcium oxalate stones. 3. Maximum and minimum calcium phosphate products expressed as octocalcium phosphate [(Ca8H2(PO4)6], brushite or hydroxyapatite, were significantly higher than normal in the patients with mixed stones but not in the patients with calcium oxalate stones. 4. The raised calcium oxalate products in the patients were due mainly to increased concentrations of Ca2+ ions; these, in turn, were due mainly to an increased rate of excretion of calcium. Raised calcium phosphate products were due mainly to hypercalciuria, combined with abnormally high urine pH values. 5. Patients with recurrent calcium stones appear to fall into two types: (1) patients with calcium oxalate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a normal urine pH; (2) patients with mixed oxalate—phosphate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a raised urine pH. 6. The implications of these findings in regard to treatment are discussed.

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2060 DIETARY OXALATE: WHAT'S IMPORTANT AND WHAT ISN'T FOR PATIENTS WITH CALCIUM OXALATE STONES?

The Journal of Urology ◽

10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.2291 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 185 (4S) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristina L. Penniston ◽

Katrina F. Wojciechowski ◽

Stephen Y. Nakada

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Calcium Oxalate Stones ◽

Dietary Oxalate

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Chlorthalidone with potassium citrate decreases calcium oxalate stones and increases bone quality in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats.

Kidney International ◽

10.1016/j.kint.2020.12.023 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nancy S. Krieger ◽

John Asplin ◽

Ignacio Granja ◽

Luojing Chen ◽

Daiana Spataru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Bone Quality ◽

Potassium Citrate ◽

Calcium Oxalate Stones

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Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: Long-term follow-up study of 11 583 patients

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.185.1.70 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 185 (1) ◽

pp. 70-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 264

Author(s):

Daniel Louis Zahl ◽

Keith Hawton

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

Suicide Risk ◽

Single Episode ◽

Deliberate Self Harm ◽

Young Females ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Self Harm

BackgroundRepetition of deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a risk factor for suicide. Little information is available on the risk for specific groups of people who deliberately harm themselves repeatedly.AimsTo investigate the long-term risk of suicide associated with repetition of DSH by gender, age and frequency of repetition.MethodA mortality follow-up study to the year 2000 was conducted on 11583 people who presented to the general hospital in Oxford between 1978 and 1997. Repetition of DSH was determined from reported episodes prior to the index episode and episodes presenting to the same hospital during the follow-up period. Deaths were identified through national registers.ResultsThirty-nine percent of patients repeated the DSH. They were at greater relative risk of suicide than the single-episode DSH group (2.24; 95% CI 1.77–2.84). The relative risk of suicide in the repeated DSH group compared with the single-episode DSH group was greater in females (3.5; 95% C11.3–2.4) than males (1.8; 95% C1 2.3–5.3) and was inversely related to age (up to 54 years). Suicide risk increased further with multiple repeat episodes of DSH in females.ConclusionsRepetition of DSH is associated with an increased risk of suicide in males and females. Repetition may be a better indicator of risk in females, especially young females.

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