Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joint Forces in Healthy Weight, Overweight, and Obese Individuals During Walking

SUMMARY In three species of small therian mammals (Scandentia: Tupaia glis, Rodentia: Galea musteloides and Lagomorpha: Ochotona rufescens) the net joint forces and torques acting during stance phase in the four kinematically relevant joints of the forelimbs (scapular pivot,shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint) and the hindlimbs (hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint, intratarsal joint) were determined by inverse dynamic analysis. Kinematics were measured by cineradiography (150 frames s-1). Synchronously ground reaction forces were acquired by forceplates. Morphometry of the extremities was performed by a scanning method using structured illumination. The vector sum of ground reaction forces and weight accounts for most of the joint force vector. Inertial effects can be neglected since errors of net joint forces amount at most to 10 %. The general time course of joint torques is comparable for all species in all joints of the forelimb and in the ankle joint. Torques in the intratarsal joints differ between tailed and tail-less species. The torque patterns in the knee and hip joint are unique to each species. For the first time torque patterns are described completely for the forelimb including the scapula as the dominant propulsive segment. The results are compared with the few torque data available for various joints of cats(Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus f. familiaris),goats (Capra sp.) and horses (Equus przewalskii f. caballus).

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Running Injuries and Shoe Construction: Some Possible Relationships

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/ijsb.4.4.342 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 342-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Alex Stacoff ◽

Jachen Denoth ◽

Xaver Kaelin ◽

Edgar Stuessi

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Material Properties ◽

Subtalar Joint ◽

Shock Attenuation ◽

Shoe Design ◽

Medial Side ◽

Joint Forces ◽

Impact Peak ◽

Running Injuries ◽

The Impact

Shock attenuation of the impact peak and overpronation are both considered important in running shoe design. A number of investigations indicate that both of these factors are related to various running injuries. These indications are mostly empirical or based on statistics and often show a lack of arguments to relate external measurements to internal loading of joints or muscles. The purpose of this paper is to present some relationships between impact peak, pronation, and forces at the subtalar joint and on muscles (which are in tension in pronation) during touchdown in rearfoot running. The calculations show that the material properties of the shoe sole (altered from Shore A20 to A50) largely influence the rearfoot movements during touchdown (increase in pronation velocity from 7 to 25 rad/s) and increase to some extent the muscle forces on the medial side (600 to 850 N) of the subtalar joint. In comparison, the impact peak (1550 to 1600 N) and the ankle joint forces (2500 to 2700 N) change very little. Hence, running shoe design should be focused more on the control of the rearfoot movement during touchdown and less on pure shock attenuation.

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Knee and ankle joint forces during steps and jumps down from two different heights

Clinical Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/0268-0033(88)90051-4 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 92-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ralph Nisell ◽

Joseph Mizrah

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Joint Forces

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The Assessment of Ankle Joint Forces During The Postural Balance Control Movement

2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference ◽

10.1109/iembs.2005.1616089 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

M.J. Seo ◽

H. Choi

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Postural Balance ◽

Balance Control ◽

Joint Forces

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A Patient-Specific Foot Model for the Estimate of Ankle Joint Forces in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Annals of Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10439-015-1451-z ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 247-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Joe A. I. Prinold ◽

◽

Claudia Mazzà ◽

Roberto Di Marco ◽

Iain Hannah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽

Ankle Joint ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Joint Forces ◽

Foot Model

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Muscle Activation and Estimated Relative Joint Force During Running with Weight Support on a Lower-Body Positive-Pressure Treadmill

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2015-0075 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 335-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bente R. Jensen ◽

Line Hovgaard-Hansen ◽

Katrine L. Cappelen

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Positive Pressure ◽

Lower Body ◽

Joint Force ◽

Lower Body Positive Pressure ◽

Weight Support ◽

Joint Forces ◽

Body Positive ◽

Leg Muscle

Running on a lower-body positive-pressure (LBPP) treadmill allows effects of weight support on leg muscle activation to be assessed systematically, and has the potential to facilitate rehabilitation and prevent overloading. The aim was to study the effect of running with weight support on leg muscle activation and to estimate relative knee and ankle joint forces. Runners performed 6-min running sessions at 2.22 m/s and 3.33 m/s, at 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% body weight (BW). Surface electromyography, ground reaction force, and running characteristics were measured. Relative knee and ankle joint forces were estimated. Leg muscles responded differently to unweighting during running, reflecting different relative contribution to propulsion and antigravity forces. At 20% BW, knee extensor EMGpeak decreased to 22% at 2.22 m/s and 28% at 3.33 m/s of 100% BW values. Plantar flexors decreased to 52% and 58% at 20% BW, while activity of biceps femoris muscle remained unchanged. Unweighting with LBPP reduced estimated joint force significantly although less than proportional to the degree of weight support (ankle).It was concluded that leg muscle activation adapted to the new biomechanical environment, and the effect of unweighting on estimated knee force was more pronounced than on ankle force.

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Single Hemicerclage for Lateral Type B Malleolar Fracture - A Novel, Minimal and Reliable Osteosynthesis

Swiss Surgery ◽

10.1024/1023-9332.9.6.283 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 283-288

Author(s):

Maurer ◽

Stamenic ◽

Stouthandel ◽

Ackermann ◽

Gonzenbach

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Fracture Type ◽

Type B ◽

Malleolar Fracture ◽

Metallic Wire ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

X Ray ◽

Upper Ankle Joint ◽

Upper Ankle

Aim of study: To investigate the short- and long-term outcome of patients with isolated lateral malleolar fracture type B treated with a single hemicerclage out of metallic wire or PDS cord. Methods: Over an 8-year period 97 patients were treated with a single hemicerclage for lateral malleolar fracture type B and 89 were amenable to a follow-up after mean 39 months, including interview, clinical examination and X-ray controls. Results: The median operation time was 35 minutes (range 15-85 min). X-ray controls within the first two postoperative days revealed an anatomical restoration of the upper ankle joint in all but one patient. The complication rate was 8%: hematoma (2 patients), wound infection (2), Sudeck's dystrophy (2) and deep vein thrombosis (1). Full weight-bearing was tolerated at median 6.0 weeks (range 2-26 weeks). No secondary displacement, delayed union or consecutive arthrosis of the upper ankle joint was observed. All but one patient had restored symmetric joint mobility. Ninety-seven percent of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the outcome. Following bone healing, hemicerclage removal was necessary in 19% of osteosyntheses with metallic wire and in none with PDS cord. Conclusion: The single hemicerclage is a novel, simple and reliable osteosynthesis technique for isolated lateral type B malleolar fractures and may be considered as an alternative to the osteosynthesis procedures currently in use.

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