Estimation of Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joint Forces during Squatting and Kneeling

This study examined the differences of knee joint forces between lowering to, or rising from squat, and typical final postures of squatting and kneeling. A biomechanical model of the lower limb was configured considering large knee flexion angles, multiple floor contact points, and the soft tissue contact between the thigh and calf. Inverse dynamics were used to determine muscle and compressive joint forces in the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. Data were obtained from a group of 13 male subjects by means of 3D motion capturing, two force plates, a pressure-sensitive pad, and electromyography. During lowering into the kneeling/squatting positions and rising from them, the model exhibited the anticipated high maximum forces of 2.6 ± 0.39 body weight (BW) and 3.4 ± 0.56 BW in the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. Upon attainment of the static terminal squatting and kneeling positions, the forces fell considerably, remaining within a range of between 0.5 and 0.7 BW for the tibiofemoral joint and 0.9 to 1.1 BW for the patellofemoral joint. The differences of the knee joint forces between the final postures of squatting and kneeling remained on average below 0.25 BW and were significant only for the tibiofemoral joint force.

NEURAL CORRELATES OF SIMPLE SENSOMOTOR REACTION AS MARKERS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING SPEED IN MILITARY VETERANS

We examined the latent periods (LP) of simple sensorimo- tor reaction (SSMR) and peculiarities of brain connectiv- ity during carrying out tests on SSMR in the group of veterans of Joint Forces Operation (JFO) and in military men-patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). To this aim, we used a computer test with coherent analysis of EEG. Differences in brain activation were analyzed by LORETA method. It was shown that the speed of SSMR in the group of JFO veterans was significantly lower than in the con- trol group. The LP of SSMR in the group of JFO veterans were 279 ms vs 258 ms in the control group. Comparative analysis of SSMR LP in the group of JFO veterans and in the group with PTSD as well as group with mTBI did not reveal significant differences. The EEG study and coherent analysis showed a significant decrease in the brain connectivity in the group of JFO veterans compared to control group, especially in the low frequency ranges. There were no significant differences in brain activation between the JFO veterans, PTSD and mTBI patients, but JFO veterans had significantly lower activation of cu- neus, middle occipital gyrus and lingual gyrus compared to control group. Conclusively, in order to detect hidden brain lesions, an additional medical examination may be recommended for JFO veterans.

Computational Modeling: Human Dynamic Model

Improvements in quantitative measurements of human physical activity are proving extraordinarily useful for studying the underlying musculoskeletal system. Dynamic models of human movement support clinical efforts to analyze, rehabilitate injuries. They are also used in biomechanics to understand and diagnose motor pathologies, find new motor strategies that decrease the risk of injury, and predict potential problems from a particular procedure. In addition, they provide valuable constraints for understanding neural circuits. This paper describes a physics-based movement analysis method for analyzing and simulating bipedal humanoid movements. The model includes the major body segments and joints to report human movements' energetic components. Its 48 degrees of freedom strike a balance between very detailed models that include muscle models and straightforward two-dimensional models. It has sufficient accuracy to analyze and synthesize movements captured in real-time interactive applications, such as psychophysics experiments using virtual reality or human-in-the-loop teleoperation of a simulated robotic system. The dynamic model is fast and robust while still providing results sufficiently accurate to be used to animate a humanoid character. It can also estimate internal joint forces used during a movement to create effort-contingent stimuli and support controlled experiments to measure the dynamics generating human behaviors systematically. The paper describes the innovative features that allow the model to integrate its dynamic equations accurately and illustrates its performance and accuracy with demonstrations. The model has a two-foot stance ability, capable of generating results comparable with an experiment done with subjects, and illustrates the uncontrolled manifold concept. Additionally, the model's facility to capture large energetic databases opens new possibilities for theorizing as to human movement function. The model is freely available.

Development of a Full-body OpenSim Musculoskeletal Model Incorporating Head-mounted Virtual Reality Headset

In this study, we developed and validated a full-body musculoskeletal model in OpenSim to estimate muscle and joint forces while performing various motor tasks using a virtual reality (VR) system. We compared the results from our developed full-body musculoskeletal model to those from previous studies by simulating kinematic and kinetic data of participants performing pick-and-place lifting tasks using with and without a physically interactive VR system. Results showed that scaling errors between the two environments are comparable, while the overall errors were consistent with previous studies. Overall, the results from the inverse dynamic simulations showed the promise of our developed OpenSim models in determining potential intervention or prevention strategies to reduce the musculoskeletal injury incidences while simulating human-device interaction tasks.

Structural and logical model of the mechanism for regulating technogenic safety in emergency situations of military-technogenic origin

To ensure stable management of technogenic safety and civil protection in these conditions, it is necessary to develop an information model for managing technogenic security under verious conditions of use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the provision of minimal risks and threats of emergencies of military technogenic origin. The information model provides for three components, namely: the first is a model for managing technogenic security safety in the zone of ​​the joint forces operation in a steady state; the second is a model for managing technogenic safety in the area of ​​the joint forces operation in an emergency of natural or technogenic origin; third is a model for managing technogenic security in the area of ​​the joint forces operation in an emergency of military-technogenic origin. The paper shows that the information model of the mechanism of man-made safety regulation during emergencies of military-man-made origin is a set of specific methods, forms, techniques, tools and levers of man-made safety regulation, through the improvement of which, in fact, the man-made safety system is improved. regional level. On the example of solving the practical problem of determining the depth and area of ​​distribution of the primary cloud of highly toxic substances and its impact on military facilities, shows the use of information model to provide the decision maker with necessary and sufficient information to make management decisions to ensure military-man-made security . To assess the effectiveness of mechanisms for state regulation of man-made safety at the regional level, it is proposed to use the method of hierarchy analysis. According to this model, the subject of management (management bodies in the field of technogenic safety) exerts a controlling influence (on the basis of laws, decrees, by-laws, standards, resolutions, orders, programs of ecological direction) on the object of management (social facilities, enterprises, natural objects), which in accordance with the received control impact, changes its state, activity, quantitative and qualitative parameters of the state or impact on the environment.

THE CHARACTER OF INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN ISR STRUCTURES FOR LAND UNITS AND THOSE OF AIR AND NAVAL UNITS

Connecting ISR structures from Land Units with ISR structures of Air and Naval units, represents a real challenge, for assuring the whole information cycle in a flexible, robust, and complex architecture in order to create a common known image and to assure support for the commander of the Joint Forces Group in taking the best decisions. The importance of achievement interconnection between ISR structures at all level of hierarchy and from all categories of forces is determined by impredictibility of operational environment, and the necessity of shortening response time during decisional process. Keywords: intelligence; reconnaissance; surveillance; Land Forces; Air Forces; Naval Forces; Joint Forces Group.

Clinical and Epidemiological analysis of the structure of combat surgical injury during Antiterrorist operation / Joint Forces Operation

I Introduction. In generalizing the experience of providing medical care to the wounded in armed conflicts, a special place belongs to the analysis of the magnitude and structure of casualties, which depend on the conditions, forms and methods of hostilities. The purpose. Conduct a clinical and epidemiological analysis of the proportion of gunshot and mine injuries in the structure of combat surgical trauma during the Anti-terrorist operation / Joint Forces operation. Materials and methods. The total number of wounded as a result of the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine in the period from 2014 to 2019 was more than 41 thousand people, from them killed among the civilian population – 3350 people and 4100 – servicemen. Results. It was proved that the wounded with non-severe combat surgical trauma are 36.5%, severe – 48.9%, extremely severe – 14.6%. Shrapnel wounds were received by 35.3%, bullet wounds – 48.3%, mine injuries – 16.6%. Isolated combat surgical trauma was found in 16.8%, multiple – in 34.3%, combined – in 48.9% of the wounded. Impenetrable combat surgical trauma was diagnosed in 63.7% of the wounded, penetrating into the pleural cavity – in 17.2%, in the abdominal cavity – in 16.0%, in the pelvic cavity – in 3.1%. Conclusions. In the structure of sanitary losses of the surgical profile during the ATO / OOS, the wounded with injuries of the extremities are 56.7%, with injuries of the chest – 10.1%, abdomen – 5.1%, pelvis – 3.0%.

Post-operative Physiotherapeutic Rehabilitation in a Rare Case of Avulsion Fracture of Tibial Attachment of Posterior Cruciate Ligament: A Case Report

Avulsion fractures of tibial attachment of PCL are not observed very often. PCL injuries are uncommon; especially those involving tibial aspect/fragment are rare. On the basis of the site of damage: Hyperflexion, Hyperextension, Pretibial trauma, etc. are the considered causes of injury. Injury to the PCL results changes in the kinematics of the knee. Changes in contact pressure have been demonstrated in both the patellofemoral and the medial tibiofemoral compartments after sectioning of the PCL, with significant increase in joint forces. This alteration in the normal kinematics may explain the tendency for the development of degenerative changes in the above mentioned compartments after PCL injury. Physiotherapy plays a very vital role in the treatment and management of such cases. Here, we report a case of a 25year old young man who was admitted to Acharya Vinobha Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Deemed to be University (DU), with an alleged history of slip and fall from two-wheeler due to RTA sustaining injury to the right limb, particularly on the knee and further complained of pain & swelling over the knee along with difficulty in walking. On examination and investigation it was diagnosed as the case of avulsion fracture of tibial attachment of PCL. And so was operated and treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Thereafter, was referred to the Physiotherapy Department for further rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is to: Discuss the epidemiology& Operative method. Discuss the physiotherapeutic management and rehabilitation of PCL tears and their outcomes.