The Average Cost Model

Author(s):  
Alexey Piunovskiy ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 802-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Sheng Zheng

The classical proofs for the existence of a stationary (s, S) inventory policy that minimizes the total discounted or average cost over an infinite horizon are lengthy because they depend heavily on the optimality results for corresponding finite-horizon models. This note presents a simpler alternative. Since optimal stationary (s, S) policies are relatively simple to characterize, it is easy to construct a solution to the optimality equation which is satisfied by an (s, S) policy or an equivalent variant thereof. For the discounted model, the proof characterizes an (s, S) policy that is optimal for all initial inventory positions. This policy can be generated by a simple existing algorithm. For the average-cost model, the optimality proof is completed with some additional arguments, which are simple but novel, to overcome the normal difficulties encountered in models with unbounded one-step expected costs.


2012 ◽  
Vol 253-255 ◽  
pp. 949-953
Author(s):  
Dong Gang Han ◽  
Xin Hua Zhao

Basing on the cost data of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Tianjin, the construction, operation and management cost was calculated. A regression model was developed considering the discount, and the average cost of sewage treatment was calculated. Three price policies were put forward, and the influence of the policies was simulated with the model. The results are powerful tools for government to pricing the wastewater treatment fee


1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Sheng Zheng

The classical proofs for the existence of a stationary (s, S) inventory policy that minimizes the total discounted or average cost over an infinite horizon are lengthy because they depend heavily on the optimality results for corresponding finite-horizon models. This note presents a simpler alternative. Since optimal stationary (s, S) policies are relatively simple to characterize, it is easy to construct a solution to the optimality equation which is satisfied by an (s, S) policy or an equivalent variant thereof. For the discounted model, the proof characterizes an (s, S) policy that is optimal for all initial inventory positions. This policy can be generated by a simple existing algorithm. For the average-cost model, the optimality proof is completed with some additional arguments, which are simple but novel, to overcome the normal difficulties encountered in models with unbounded one-step expected costs.


1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Virginia C. Day ◽  
Zachary F. Lansdowne ◽  
Richard A Moynihan ◽  
John A. Vitkevich

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Romney ◽  
Nathaniel Israel ◽  
Danijela Zlatevski

The present study examines the effect of agency-level implementation variation on the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based parent training program (Positive Parenting Program: “Triple P”). Staff from six community-based agencies participated in a five-day training to prepare them to deliver a 12-week Triple P parent training group to caregivers. Prior to the training, administrators and staff from four of the agencies completed a site readiness process intended to prepare them for the implementation demands of successfully delivering the group, while the other two agencies did not complete the process. Following the delivery of each agency’s first Triple P group, the graduation rate and average cost per class graduate were calculated. The average cost-per-graduate was over seven times higher for the two agencies that had not completed the readiness process than for the four completing agencies ($7,811 vs. $1,052). The contrast in costs was due to high participant attrition in the Triple P groups delivered by the two agencies that did not complete the readiness process. The odds of Triple P participants graduating were 12.2 times greater for those in groups run by sites that had completed the readiness process. This differential attrition was not accounted for by between-group differences in participant characteristics at pretest. While the natural design of this study limits the ability to empirically test all alternative explanations, these findings indicate a striking cost savings for sites completing the readiness process and support the thoughtful application of readiness procedures in the early stages of an implementation initiative.


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Neto Jose Alves da Silva ◽  
◽  
Giacaglia Giorgio Eugenio Oscare ◽  

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