Empirical Test of the Balassa–Samuelson Effect in Selected African Countries

Does Foreign Direct Investment Encourage State Militarization and Reduce Societal Security? An Empirical Test, 1980–2017

Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy ◽

10.1515/peps-2019-0011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Indra de Soysa

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Empirical Test ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Military Spending ◽

African Region ◽

African Countries ◽

Poor Countries ◽

Sub Saharan

AbstractScholars debate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on poor societies. Apparently, FDI could embolden governments to securitize rather than reform, an argument put forth recently by (Kishi, Roudabeh, Maggio, Guiseppe, & Raleigh, Clionadh. (2017). Foreign investment and state conflicts in Africa. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 23(3), https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2017-0007) who supply evidence within a sample of Sub Saharan African countries showing that FDI increases the number of conflict events. This study takes a critical view of their argument on conceptual and methodological grounds. Using new data for the entire world as well as a sample of developing countries, this study directly tests securitization as militarization measured as military spending and the size of armed forces and finds that several alternative measurements of the stock and flow of FDI reduces militarization, results that are robust to fixed effects estimations, Heckman selection models, and models with and without controls for ongoing armed conflict and interstate tension. Testing an Africa-only sample yields no statistically significant effects either way, but compared to the global sample, an interaction of FDI in Africa does show a positive effect. This result, however, is substantively very slight compared with the net effect of the African region where military spending is unusually greater than in other regions, but size of armed forces are smaller. These results are replicated using a measure of societal security capturing more than just the absence of war as measured by the World Economic Forum’s data. If FDI increases security without increasing militarization, then FDI is potentially a sound source of finance for poor countries. Case-study-based research might usefully unpack the political economy of defence spending in Africa and identify precisely how TNCs can be implicated in the story. Our results show, however, that generally, FDI might actually reduce militarization while increasing societal security beyond just the absence of armed violence.

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An empirical test of exogenous growth models: Evidence from three southern African countries

Economic Annals ◽

10.2298/eka1920007c ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (220) ◽

pp. 7-38

Author(s):

Themba Chirwa ◽

N.M. Odhiambo

Keyword(s):

Growth Models ◽

Empirical Test ◽

African Countries ◽

Exogenous Growth

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An Application of the HFACS Method to Aviation Accidents in Africa

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors ◽

10.1027/2192-0923/a000093 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 33-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Isaac Munene

Keyword(s):

Human Factors ◽

Physical Environment ◽

Human Factor ◽

Flight Training ◽

African Countries ◽

Causal Factors ◽

Aviation Accidents ◽

Factors Analysis ◽

Adverse Weather ◽

Decision Errors

Abstract. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) methodology was applied to accident reports from three African countries: Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. In all, 55 of 72 finalized reports for accidents occurring between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed. In most of the accidents, one or more human factors contributed to the accident. Skill-based errors (56.4%), the physical environment (36.4%), and violations (20%) were the most common causal factors in the accidents. Decision errors comprised 18.2%, while perceptual errors and crew resource management accounted for 10.9%. The results were consistent with previous industry observations: Over 70% of aviation accidents have human factor causes. Adverse weather was seen to be a common secondary casual factor. Changes in flight training and risk management methods may alleviate the high number of accidents in Africa.

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