ABSTRACT
The live-attenuated human parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3) cold-passage 45 (cp45) candidate vaccine was shown previously to be safe, immunogenic, and phenotypically stable in seronegative human infants. Previous findings indicated that each of the three amino acid substitutions in the L polymerase protein of cp45 independently confers the temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuation (att) phenotypes but not the cold-adaptation (ca) phenotype (29).cp45 contains 12 additional potentially important point mutations in other proteins (N, C, M, F, and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN]) or in cis-acting sequences (the leader region and the transcription gene start [GS] signal of the N gene), and their contribution to these phenotypes was undefined. To further characterize the genetic basis for thets, ca, and att phenotypes of this promising vaccine candidate, we constructed, using a reverse genetics system, a recombinant cp45 virus that contained all 15 cp45-specific mutations mentioned above, and found that it was essentially indistinguishable from the biologically derived cp45 on the basis of plaque size, level of temperature sensitivity, cold adaptation, level of replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract of hamsters, and ability to protect hamsters from subsequent wild-type PIV3 challenge. We then constructed recombinant viruses containing the cp45 mutations in individual proteins as well as several combinations of mutations. Analysis of these recombinant viruses revealed that multiple cp45 mutations distributed throughout the genome contribute to the ts, ca, andatt phenotypes. In addition to the mutations in the L gene, at least one other mutation in the 3′ N region (i.e., including the leader, N GS, and N coding changes) contributes to thets phenotype. A recombinant virus containing all thecp45 mutations except those in L was more tsthan cp45, illustrating the complex nature of this phenotype. The ca phenotype of cp45 also is a complex composite phenotype, reflecting contributions of at least three separate genetic elements, namely, mutations within the 3′ N region, the L protein, and the C-M-F-HN region. The att phenotype is a composite of both ts and non-ts mutations. Attenuating ts mutations are located in the L protein, and non-ts attenuating mutations are located in the C and F proteins. The presence of multiple ts and non-ts attenuating mutations in cp45 likely contributes to the high level of attenuation and phenotypic stability of this promising vaccine candidate.
Evolution of nonspectral rhodopsin function at high altitudes
