Agent-Based Approach for Ship Damage Control

Author(s):  
Eugénio Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Martins
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
R Sahie-Pour ◽  
D Berenbaum

When a mission critical naval vessel is operating in dangerous waters or in battle, amongst other things, the success of its mission is a measure of capability and availability of its Weapon Systems, Combat and Communications Systems, Battle Damage Control System (BDCS) and Situational Awareness, as well as, its ability to recover from unplanned incidents. The next Generation Integrated Platform Management Systems (IPMS) for Autonomous Ships with much reduced manning, dictates special considerations for autonomous control systems across the ship support systems and beyond without need for man-in-the-loop for decision making. This entails detailed analysis, vulnerability and recoverability assessments during target ship’s basic design and the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) where available. The optimum strategy involves consideration of distributed smart agent based control and monitoring systems that shall react rapidly to changes in operational demands and incidents without the need for man-in-the-loop, creating BDCS dynamic kill cards across ship subsystems and, extending the IPMS BDCS capabilities to Combat Management.  The above gives rise to consideration of “Flinch Technology (FT)” [7].  It implies distributed smart agent based control systems that instinctively reacts to incidents for fast recoverability in the event of damage to supervisory control system (i.e. IPMS) and its related data communication network. This paper addresses the benefits that might be gained as a result of consideration of  smart agent based control systems with no manin-the loop involvement for decision making. Such technology solutions, empowered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) could be adopted in the future Autonomous Combatant Ships. 


Author(s):  
Jorge Perdigao

In 1955, Buonocore introduced the etching of enamel with phosphoric acid. Bonding to enamel was created by mechanical interlocking of resin tags with enamel prisms. Enamel is an inert tissue whose main component is hydroxyapatite (98% by weight). Conversely, dentin is a wet living tissue crossed by tubules containing cellular extensions of the dental pulp. Dentin consists of 18% of organic material, primarily collagen. Several generations of dentin bonding systems (DBS) have been studied in the last 20 years. The dentin bond strengths associated with these DBS have been constantly lower than the enamel bond strengths. Recently, a new generation of DBS has been described. They are applied in three steps: an acid agent on enamel and dentin (total etch technique), two mixed primers and a bonding agent based on a methacrylate resin. They are supposed to bond composite resin to wet dentin through dentin organic component, forming a peculiar blended structure that is part tooth and part resin: the hybrid layer.


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