As safety-critical systems, grid cyber-physical systems (GCPSs) are required to ensure the safety of power-related systems. However, in many cases, GCPSs may be subject to uncertain and nondeterministic environmental hazards, as well as the variable quality of devices. They can cause failures and hazards in the whole system and may jeopardize system safety. Thus, it necessitates safety analysis for system safety assurance. This paper proposes an architecture-level safety analysis approach for GCPSs applying the probabilistic model-checking of stochastic games. GCPSs are modeled using Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL). Random errors and failures of a GCPS and nondeterministic environment behaviors are explicitly described with AADL annexes. A GCPS AADL model including the environment can be regarded as a game. To transform AADL models to stochastic multi-player games (SMGs) models, model transformation rules are proposed and the completeness and consistency of rules are proved. Property formulae are formulated for formal verification of GCPS SMG models, so that occurrence probabilities of failed states and hazards can be obtained for system-level safety analysis. Finally, a modified IEEE 9-bus system with grid elements that are power management systems is modeled and analyzed using the proposed approach.
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