Destruction and Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage in Eastern Mediterranean: From Cultural Genocide to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalliopi Chainoglou
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Cultural Genocide

Types of cultural property and their protection under International Criminal Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-236
Author(s):  
Ivan Ryška
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity

SummaryIn this article we analyze the forms of protection of distinct types of cultural heritage under International Criminal Law. Initially, we introduce the concept of categorization of cultural heritage into types, and review its historical development. The main focus is on the present day approach to the protection based on human rights, which builds heavily on the link between a certain type of cultural heritage and a community or individual. Later, we examine the possible ways to prosecute attacks against cultural heritage under International Criminal Law. Our analysis demonstrates, that the attacks against cultural heritage may, under various circumstances, fall under the category of war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide. We support our conclusions by jurisprudence arguments from case law treating the prosecution of destruction of cultural heritage under International Criminal Law.

How Roman Are Roman Houses in the Eastern Mediterranean? The House of Leukaktios (Ptolemais, Cyrenaica) and the House of Orpheus (Nea Paphos, Cyprus) as Case Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-121
Author(s):  
Monika Rekowska
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Urban Elite

Cyprus and Cyrenaica, two regions strongly influenced by the Alexandrian cultural heritage, which came under the Roman rule already in the 1st century BC, are simultaneously both typical and unusual examples of acculturation understood as a mixture of Hellenistic and Roman components. This is reflected in various spheres of life, including the architecture of the houses owned by members of the urban elite which are investigated in this article. Two residential units – the House of Leukaktios at Ptolemais in Cyrenaica and the House of Orpheus at Nea Paphos in Cyprus – will be presented to discuss different attitudes towards Romanisation from the perspective of an individual as reflected by particular dwellings.

Eco-Struggles

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gillett
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Jus Post Bellum

This chapter examines the provisions of international criminal law applicable to serious environmental harm, particularly during non-international armed conflicts ('NIAC'). After describing incidents of serious environmental harm arising in armed conflicts, the analysis surveys the provisions of international criminal law applicable to environmental harm during NIACs, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and aggression. It then examines the basis for extending to NIACs the protection against military attacks causing excessive environmental harm (set out in Art. 8(2)(b)(iv) of the Rome Statute), which is currently only applicable in IACs. The examination of this possible amendment of the Rome Statute covers a broad range of instruments and laws forming part of international and national legal codes, all addressing grave environmental harm. Finally, the analysis turns to accountability for environmental harm as a facet of jus post bellum, emphasizing the interconnected nature of environmental harm and cycles of violence and atrocities.

The First Wave of International War Crimes Trials: Istanbul and Leipzig

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN KRAMER
Keyword(s):  
War Crimes ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Crimes Trials ◽  
International War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Foundation Stone

The Nuremberg tribunal following the Second World War is universally considered as the foundation stone of international law with regard to war crimes and crimes against humanity. It may come as a surprise, however, to learn that the first international attempts to prosecute war crimes and crimes against humanity came at the end of the First World War, with trials held at Allied prompting in Turkey and Germany.

scholarly journals SYRIA – “THE WAR WITH MULTIPLE PROXIES”. VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Daniela Vetina Ene
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Amnesty International ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
The Arab Spring

The civil war in Syria, triggered by the pro-democracy demonstrations of the "Arab Spring", was a complicated combination of religious, cultural and ethnic-identity contradictions. The non-international conflict was turned into a "battlefield" for foreign powers, which led to the transformation of a civil war into a "war with multiple proxies". The United Nations' efforts to mediate the conflict, based on a six-point plan, remained in the draft phase. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have denounced flagrant violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by the al-Assad regime, which has widely used non-discriminatory weapons banned in violation of the Geneva Conventions, 1949. The Bashār al-Assad regime is accused by the international community of being guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but attempts to incriminate it have failed.

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