10. Protecting Cultural Heritage: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity during Conflicts and Revolutions in North Africa and the Middle East

2013 ◽  
pp. 225-236
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-427
Author(s):  
Katherine Recinos ◽  
Lucy Blue

Abstract Maritime cultural heritage is under increasing threat around the world, facing damage, destruction, and disappearance. Despite attempts to mitigate these threats, maritime cultural heritage is often not addressed to the same extent or with equal resources. One approach that can be applied towards protecting and conserving threatened cultural heritage, and closing this gap, is capacity development. This paper addresses the question of how capacity development can be improved and adapted for the protection of maritime cultural heritage under threat. It asserts that capacity development for maritime cultural heritage can be improved by gaining a more comprehensive and structured understanding of capacity development initiatives through applying a consistent framework for evaluation and analysis. This allows for assessment and reflection on previous or ongoing initiatives, leading to the implementation of more effective initiatives in the future. In order to do this, a model for classifying initiatives by ten parameters is proposed. It is then applied to a number of case studies featuring initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa region. This is followed by a discussion of how conclusions and themes drawn from the examination and evaluation of the case study initiatives can provide a deeper understanding of capacity development efforts, and an analysis of how the parameter model as a framework can aid in improving capacity development for threatened maritime cultural heritage overall.


Author(s):  
Samia Touati

Jassim Mohamed Zaini was a leading figure in the development of the fledgling Qatari art scene in the 1960s. Zaini was one of the few artists who witnessed the significant social and economic changes that Qatar underwent during the 1950s and 1960s, especially with the discovery of oil. To document his environment, Zaini resorted to realism to create works that depicted local and Gulf scenes, events and customs. However, Zaini did not confine his creativity to a given style or technique. He engaged with various styles including abstraction, Expressionism, Cubism, Impressionism, and Surrealism to highlight aspects of his subjects and the themes of identity and cultural heritage. Zaini exhibited widely, both locally and in the Middle East and North Africa. He was awarded a certificate of honor in the Arab Artists exhibitions in 1985, the Museum Award for GCC countries Riyadh in 2007, and the Qatar Gratitude Reward in Science, Art and Literacy, Doha. Following his death, a retrospective exhibit titled Jassim Zaini was held at the main activities hall at the Cultural Tower under the auspices and presence of His Excellency Dr Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al Kuwari, Minister of Culture, Arts and Heritage, on 24 December 2013.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-236
Author(s):  
Ivan Ryška

SummaryIn this article we analyze the forms of protection of distinct types of cultural heritage under International Criminal Law. Initially, we introduce the concept of categorization of cultural heritage into types, and review its historical development. The main focus is on the present day approach to the protection based on human rights, which builds heavily on the link between a certain type of cultural heritage and a community or individual. Later, we examine the possible ways to prosecute attacks against cultural heritage under International Criminal Law. Our analysis demonstrates, that the attacks against cultural heritage may, under various circumstances, fall under the category of war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide. We support our conclusions by jurisprudence arguments from case law treating the prosecution of destruction of cultural heritage under International Criminal Law.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolò Marchetti ◽  
Antonio Curci ◽  
Maria Carmela Gatto ◽  
Serena Nicolini ◽  
Simone Mühl ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Kersel Morag M ◽  
Bouchenaki Mounir

This chapter assesses the protection of cultural heritage in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). In their initial days of statehood, most postcolonial entities did not alter the basic institutional arrangements of colonial law and administration. In the MENA region, this resulted in the adoption of laws and policies related to the protection and preservation of cultural heritage, which included elements from earlier Ottoman laws and by-laws, British and French Mandatory laws and ordinances, and the legislative efforts of the colonial powers of France and Italy. Subsequently, in postcolonial MENA, nation states began adopting the 1970 UNESCO Convention with the aim of protecting their cultural resources and at the same time asserting themselves as legitimate States who care about culture. UNESCO efforts were also aimed at fostering greater parity between nations, with the intention of eliminating or at least ameliorating colonial legacies of inequality and misappropriation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-285
Author(s):  
Lando Kirchmair

This article seeks to contribute to shifting the focus from an international, towards a regional cultural heritage protection in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). While especially the destruction of Palmyra has drawn much of worldwide attention, this has wrongly led to an exaggerated impression of a region in need of international interventionism. An example of such an excessive internationalism is the call for international action triggered by the announced status change of the Hagia Sophia. In contrast to a too dominant international focus, this contribution aims to put a spotlight on the regional framework for the protection of cultural heritage in the MENA. By sketching regional cultural heritage protection, this article wants to contribute to laying the ground for future research on the topic, delving more into the normative potential as well as the empirical realities of the day-to-day protection of cultural heritage in the MENA.


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