GIS Watermarking: Hiding Data in 2D Vector Maps

Digital watermarking is important for the copyright protection of electronic data, but embedding watermarks into vector maps could easily lead to changes in map precision. Zero-watermarking, a method that does not embed watermarks into maps, could avoid altering vector maps but often lack of robustness. This study proposes a dual zero-watermarking scheme that improves watermark robustness for two-dimensional (2D) vector maps. The proposed scheme first extracts the feature vertices and non-feature vertices of the vector map with the Douglas-Peucker algorithm and subsequently constructs the Delaunay Triangulation Mesh (DTM) to form a topological feature sequence of feature vertices as well as the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) matrix to form intrinsic feature sequence of non-feature vertices. Next, zero-watermarks are obtained by executing exclusive disjunction (XOR) with the encrypted watermark image under the Arnold scramble algorithm. The experimental results show that the scheme that synthesizes both the feature and non-feature information improves the watermark capacity. Making use of complementary information between feature and non-feature vertices considerably improves the overall robustness of the watermarking scheme. The proposed dual zero-watermarking scheme combines the advantages of individual watermarking schemes and is robust against such attacks as geometric attacks, vertex attacks and object attacks.

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SB-RAWVec - A Semi-Blind Watermarking Method for Vector Maps

10.1109/icc.2009.5199433 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Magalhaes ◽

R. Dahab

Keyword(s):

Blind Watermarking ◽

Vector Maps

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A high capacity reversible data hiding method for 2D vector maps based on virtual coordinates

Computer-Aided Design ◽

10.1016/j.cad.2013.10.005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 108-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Nana Wang ◽

Han Zhang ◽

Chaoguang Men

Keyword(s):

Data Hiding ◽

Reversible Data Hiding ◽

High Capacity ◽

Vector Maps

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Copyright Protection and Content Authentication Based on Linear Cellular Automata Watermarking for 2D Vector Maps

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing - Advances in Computer Vision ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-17795-9_52 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 700-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saleh AL-ardhi ◽

Vijey Thayananthan ◽

Abdullah Basuhail

Keyword(s):

Cellular Automata ◽

Copyright Protection ◽

Content Authentication ◽

Vector Maps

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VECTOR MAPS IN MOBILE ROBOTICS

Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings ◽

10.14311/app.2015.1.0022 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ales Jelinek

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Navigation System ◽

Mobile Robotics ◽

Map Building ◽

Scan Matching ◽

Line Extraction ◽

Current State ◽

Vector Maps ◽

Localization And Mapping ◽

University Of Technology

The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of vector map techniques used in mobile robotics and to present current state of the research in this field at the Brno University of Technology. Vector maps are described as a part of the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem in the environment without artificial landmarks or global navigation system. The paper describes algorithms from data acquisition to map building but particular emphasis is put on segmentation, line extraction and scan matching algorithms. All significant algorithms are illustrated with experimental results.

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Nautical electronic maps of S-411 standard and their suitability in navigation for assessment of ice cover condition of the Arctic Ocean

Polish Cartographical Review ◽

10.1515/pcr-2016-0002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 17-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tadeusz Pastusiak

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean ◽

Ice Cover ◽

Research Process ◽

Data Sources ◽

The Arctic ◽

Quality Of Data ◽

Vector Maps ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

Wide Availability

Abstract The research on the ice cover of waterways, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans by satellite remote sensing methods began at the end of the twentieth century. There was a lot of data sources in diverse file formats. It has not yet carried out a comparative assessment of their usefulness. A synthetic indicator of the quality of data sources binding maps resolution, file publication, time delay and the functionality for the user was developed in the research process. It reflects well a usefulness of maps and allows to compare them. Qualitative differences of map content have relatively little impact on the overall assessment of the data sources. Resolution of map is generally acceptable. Actuality has the greatest impact on the map content quality for the current vessel’s voyage planning in ice. The highest quality of all studied sources have the regional maps in GIF format issued by the NWS / NOAA, general maps of the Arctic Ocean in NetCDF format issued by the OSI SAF and the general maps of the Arctic Ocean in GRIB-2 format issued by the NCEP / NOAA. Among them are maps containing information on the quality of presented parameter. The leader among the map containing all three of the basic characteristics of ice cover (ice concentration, ice thickness and ice floe size) are vector maps in GML format. They are the new standard of electronic vector maps for the navigation of ships in ice. Publishing of ice cover maps in the standard electronic map format S-411 for navigation of vessels in ice adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization is advisable in case is planned to launch commercial navigation on the lagoons, rivers and canals. The wide availability of and exchange of information on the state of ice cover on rivers, lakes, estuaries and bays, which are used exclusively for water sports, ice sports and ice fishing is possible using handheld mobile phones, smartphones and tablets.

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From felt tip to technology: the challenges of representing traditional knowledge in a GIS platform to create a knowledge surface

10.32920/ryerson.14654004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julie B. Robertson

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Representation ◽

Traditional Knowledge ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

The Arctic ◽

Vector Data ◽

Collective Knowledge ◽

Vector Maps ◽

Spatial Dimensions ◽

Continuous Surface ◽

Forms Of Knowledge

Traditional knowledge (TK) has been the keystone to survival in the Arctic for thousands of years. Caribou are integral to the society, health and culture of the Inuit, the Indigenous peoples of the Arctic. There is a lack of research regarding caribou on King William Island (KWI), Nunavut. Through a project in Gjoa Haven, located on KWI, Inuit Elders and hunters used maps to help represent their knowledge of caribou in the region. These 32 maps were processed in a GIS to explore the spatial dimensions of TK, and different forms of knowledge representation. Using vector data the features drawn were separated into lines and polygons to show hotspots of caribou knowledge. Using a fuzzy raster methodology, all caribou data was summed to create a collective knowledge surface of the caribou features. These maps refine the data from the vector maps and create a continuous surface that aims to better reflect the collective nature of TK. This research explores the challenges of representing TK using western technologies, and application of fuzzy methodologies for improving the representation.

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