When HIV Meets the Immune System: Network Theory, Alloimmunity, Autoimmunity, and AIDS

1989 ◽  
pp. 386-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W. Hoffmann ◽  
Michael D. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Network Theory

COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL IMMUNE SYSTEM THROUGH THE EYES OF DUAL-PHASE EVOLUTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
SNEHAL B. SHINDE ◽  
MANISH P. KURHEKAR
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Growth State

Dual-phase evolution (DPE) and the network theory help to analyze prominent properties of the complex adaptive systems (CASs) such as emergence and self-organization that are caused due to the phase transitions. These transitions are observed because of the increase and decrease in the number of system components and their interactions. The immune system, which is one of the CASs, provides an adaptive response to the foreign molecules. Prior to this response, the immune system is present in the circulation state and during the response, it moves into the growth state, where the number of immune cells and their cell–cell contacts increase rapidly. The phase transitions from the circulation state to the growth state and then back to the circulation state cause the emergence and self-organization of the immune system, respectively. There is a need to understand these complex cellular dynamics during the immune response. In this paper, we have proposed an integrated model of DPE, network theory, and the immune system that has helped to understand and analyze the phases and properties of the immune system. Analysis of the growth phase network is provided and it is concluded that this network exhibits scale-free nature following power law for the degree distribution of nodes.

scholarly journals Specific T cell factors exist

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W. Hoffmann ◽  
Reginald M. Gorczynski
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Immune Network ◽  
System Components ◽  
Specific Tolerance

AbstractThe symmetrical immune network theory has been developed since 1975 and is based on the existence of specific T cell factors. The existence of specific T cell factors is controversial. We confirm the existence of these specific immune system components by demonstrating that a rigorous 1975 experiment by Takemori and Tada can be reproduced. We also briefly review how specific T cell factors play a role in the induction of specific tolerance and in the induction of immunity according to the symmetrical immune network theory.

A network theory of the immune system

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Network Theory

scholarly journals The Possible Role of Natural Idiotopes in Immune Memory

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Dimitrijevic ◽  
Snezana Živanevic-Simonovic ◽  
Marijana Stojanovic ◽  
Aleksandra Inic-Kanada ◽  
Irena Živkovic
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Idiotypic Network ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Immunological Research

In this paper we report on the generation of Abs possessing specificities similar to those of Abs used in immunization, and on the generation of Id and anti-Id specificities in the sera of mice immunized with commensal bacterial antigens.The human monoclonal antibody IgM DJ (VH3/VL2) expresses natural antibody properties, natural idiotope (Y7), and specificity towards Lactic acid bacteria (LAB). When used in immunization it generates LAB-specific antibodies. Immunization with LAB, as detected in the presence of biotin-labelled mouse monoclonal anti-idiotopic antibodies Y7 and IgM DJ generates Abs1 and Abs2, respectively. These findings may imply that the recognition of bacterial motifs accords with the rules of idiotypic network theory. This theory, first proposed by Jerne in 1974 and often overlooked since, has been subject to change during the course of immunological research. Recent experiments concerning the recognition of bacterial motifs and natural memory in the immune system have inspired us in our attempt at explaining the possible role of natural Id in immune memory.

IMMUNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (06) ◽  
pp. 1250031 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ROZI MALIM ◽  
FARIDAH ABDUL HALIM
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Artificial Immune System ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Selection Mechanism ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Immune Systems

Artificial immune system is inspired by the natural immune system for solving computational problems. The immunological principles that are primarily used in artificial immune systems are the clonal selection principle, the immune network theory, and the negative selection mechanism. These principles have been applied in anomaly detection, pattern recognition, computer and network security, dynamic environments and learning, robotics, data analysis, optimization, scheduling, and timetabling. This paper describes how these three immunological principles were adapted by previous researchers in their artificial immune system models and algorithms. Finally, the applications of various artificial immune systems to various domains are summarized as a time-line.

Robust Multi-Robot Cooperation Using an Idiotypic Model of Artificial Immune Systems

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tahir Khan ◽  
Toar Imanuel ◽  
Yelnil Gabo ◽  
C. W. de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Idiotypic Network ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Robot System ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Robot Cooperation ◽  
Multi Robot

The human immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and other organs that defend the body against foreign invaders called antigens. Jerne’s Idiotypic network theory concerns how an antibody in the immune system stimulates or suppresses another antibody and recognizes an antigen. Based on the principles of the human immune system and Jerne’s idiotypic network theory this paper presents a method for cooperation among robots in a multi-robot system. The developed cooperative multi-robot system is fully autonomous and distributed. In the present paper, cooperation is not assumed a priori. If a robot is unable to complete a task alone, the system autonomously chooses the appropriate number of suitable and most capable robots in the fleet to cooperate with each other in carrying out a global task. The approach developed in the paper incorporates robustness and fault tolerance in immune system–based multi-robot cooperation.

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