An All-Elements Long-Term Projection of Offshore Wind Energy in the Maritime Silk Road

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomous sailing energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are wind-propelled ships that generate electricity using water turbines attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector X is methanol. In the first part of this study (Babarit et al., 2020), an energy ship design has been proposed and its energy performance has been assessed. In this second part, the aim is to estimate the energy and economic performance of such system. In collaboration with ocean engineering, marine renewable energy and wind-assisted propulsion’s experts, the energy ship design of the first part has been revised and updated. Based on this new design, a complete FARWIND energy system is proposed, and its costs (CAPEX and OPEX) are estimated. Results of the models show (i) that this FARWIND system could produce approximately 70,000 tonnes of methanol per annum (approximately 400 GWh per annum of chemical energy) at a cost in the range 1.2 to 3.6 €/kg, (ii) that this cost may be comparable to that of methanol produced by offshore wind farms in the long term, and (iii) that FARWIND-produced methanol (and offshore wind farms-produced methanol) could compete with gasoline on the EU transportation fuel market in the long term.

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Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 2: Updated ship design and cost of energy estimate

Wind Energy Science ◽

10.5194/wes-6-1191-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 1191-1204

Author(s):

Aurélien Babarit ◽

Félix Gorintin ◽

Pierrick de Belizal ◽

Antoine Neau ◽

Giovanni Bordogna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Energy ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Wind Farms ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Ship Design ◽

Offshore Wind ◽

Offshore Wind Energy ◽

Ocean Engineering ◽

Offshore Wind Farms

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomous sailing energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are wind-propelled ships that generate electricity using water turbines attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector X is methanol. In the first part of this study, an energy ship design was proposed, and its energy performance was assessed. In this second part, the aim is to update the energy and economic performance of such a system based on design progression. In collaboration with ocean engineering, marine renewable energy and wind-assisted propulsion experts, the energy ship design of the first part has been revised. Based on this new design, a complete FARWIND energy system is proposed, and its costs (CAPEX and OPEX) are estimated. Results of the models show (i) that this FARWIND system could produce approximately 70 000 t of methanol per annum (approximately 400 GWh per annum of chemical energy) at a cost in the range EUR 1.2 to 3.6/kg, (ii) that this cost may be comparable to that of methanol produced by offshore wind farms in the long term and (iii) that FARWIND-produced methanol (and methanol produced by offshore wind farms) could compete with gasoline on the EU transportation fuel market in the long term.

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Offshore wind energy status, challenges, opportunities, environmental impacts, occupational health, and safety management in India

Energy & Environment ◽

10.1177/0958305x20946483 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0958305X2094648

Author(s):

J Charles Rajesh Kumar ◽

D Vinod Kumar ◽

D Baskar ◽

B Mary Arunsi ◽

R Jenova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Occupational Health ◽

Wind Energy ◽

Wind Farm ◽

Safety Management ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Occupational Health And Safety ◽

Policy Support ◽

Offshore Wind ◽

Offshore Wind Energy

Offshore wind is at its infancy in terms of technology and capacities in India. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) announced medium and long term offshore targets of 5 GW and 30 GW by 2022 and 2030, respectively. The location of the first offshore wind park has recently been identified, and the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) has signed a contract with the Government of Gujarat to establish the 1000 MW of offshore wind energy capacity by 2019. To achieve the ambitious targets, India will require demand and resources planning, and policy support at an unprecedented scale. The MNRE notified the country’s offshore wind energy policy in 2015, and draft offshore wind energy lease rules in 2019. In this paper, several offshore wind energy challenges have been identified, and a clear policy road map and effective support schemes required to trigger offshore wind development activity for medium to long term are suggested. The environmental consequences of European offshore wind farms are assessed to optimize future monitoring of offshore wind programmes in India. Furthermore, the occupational health and safety management requirements are highlighted to ensure that the accidents, vulnerabilities, and hazards are avoided. The research and development (R&D) considerations are provided to assist policymakers, potential investors, stakeholders, designers and manufacturers, contractors, professional advisers, and wind farm developers in their decisions and planning.

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Uncertainty of the Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment due to Long-term Variability

Proceedings of the 2nd 2016 International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD 2016) ◽

10.2991/icsd-16.2017.66 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Bo Jiang ◽

Ping-Ping Hou ◽

Song Zhang ◽

He Wu ◽

Jie Ding

Keyword(s):

Wind Energy ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Resource Assessment ◽

Offshore Wind ◽

Offshore Wind Energy

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Japan's Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Potential as Well as Long-Term Installation Goal and its Roadmap by the Year 2050

Wind Engineering ◽

10.1260/0309-524x.34.6.701 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 701-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Izumi Ushiyama ◽

Hiroshi Nagai ◽

Tetsuo Saito ◽

Fumihito Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Wind Energy ◽

Offshore Wind ◽

Offshore Wind Energy ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Wind Energy Potential

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Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships. Part B. Cost of energy

10.5194/wes-2019-101 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aurélien Babarit ◽

Simon Delvoye ◽

Gaël Clodic ◽

Jean-Christophe Gilloteaux

Keyword(s):

Wind Energy ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Offshore Wind ◽

Offshore Wind Energy ◽

Transportation Fuel ◽

Cost Of Energy ◽

Water Turbines ◽

The Eu

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomous sailing energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are wind-propelled ships that generate electricity using water turbines attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector is methanol. In the first part of this study (Babarit et al., submitted), an energy ship design has been proposed and its energy performance has been assessed. In this second part, the aim is to estimate the energy and economic performance of the whole system. Thus, an energy and economic model has been developed which is presented in the paper. Results show that an initial FARWIND system could produce approximately 100,000 tonnes of methanol per annum (approximately 550 GWh per annum of chemical energy) at a cost in the range 150 to 325 €/MWh, and that FARWIND-produced methanol could compete with gasoline on the EU transportation fuel market in the long term.

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