Short-latency compensatory eye movements associated with a brief period of free fall

1996 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Bush ◽  
F.A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Short Latency

scholarly journals Deficits in Short-Latency Tracking Eye Movements after Chemical Lesions in Monkey Cortical Areas MT and MST

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Takemura ◽  
Y. Murata ◽  
K. Kawano ◽  
F. A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Tracking Eye Movements

The effect of frontal eye field and superior colliculus lesions on saccadic latencies in the rhesus monkey

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Schiller ◽  
J. H. Sandell ◽  
J. H. Maunsell
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Unimodal Distribution ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Mean

Rhesus monkeys were trained to make saccadic eye movements to visual targets using detection and discrimination paradigms in which they were required to make a saccade either to a solitary stimulus (detection) or to that same stimulus when it appeared simultaneously with several other stimuli (discrimination). The detection paradigm yielded a bimodal distribution of saccadic latencies with the faster mode peaking around 100 ms (express saccades); the introduction of a pause between the termination of the fixation spot and the onset of the target (gap) increased the frequency of express saccades. The discrimination paradigm, on the other hand, yielded only a unimodal distribution of latencies even when a gap was introduced, and there was no evidence for short-latency "express" saccades. In three monkeys either the frontal eye field or the superior colliculus was ablated unilaterally. Frontal eye field ablation had no discernible long-term effects on the distribution of saccadic latencies in either the detection or discrimination tasks. After unilateral collicular ablation, on the other hand, express saccades obtained in the detection paradigm were eliminated for eye movements contralateral to the lesion, leaving only a unimodal distribution of latencies. This deficit persisted throughout testing, which in one monkey continued for 9 mo. Express saccades were not observed again for saccades contralateral to the lesion, and the mean latency of the contralateral saccades was longer than the mean latency of the second peak for the ipsiversive saccades. The latency distribution of saccades ipsiversive to the collicular lesion was unaffected except for a few days after surgery, during which time an increase in the proportion of express saccades was evident. Saccades obtained with the discrimination paradigm yielded a small but reliable increase in saccadic latencies following collicular lesions, without altering the shape of the distribution. Unilateral muscimol injections into the superior colliculus produced results similar to those obtained immediately after collicular lesions: saccades contralateral to the injection site were strongly inhibited and showed increased saccadic latencies. This was accompanied by a decrease of ipsilateral saccadic latencies and an increase in the number of saccades falling into the express range. The results suggest that the superior colliculus is essential for the generation of short-latency (express) saccades and that the frontal eye fields do not play a significant role in shaping the distribution of saccadic latencies in the paradigms used in this study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Short-Latency Vergence Eye Movements Induced by Radial Optic Flow in Humans: Dependence on Ambient Vergence Level

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 945-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.-S. Yang ◽  
E. J. Fitzgibbon ◽  
F. A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Radial Flow ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Focus Of Expansion ◽  
Random Dot Patterns

Yang, D.-S., E. J. Fitzgibbon, and F. A. Miles. Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: dependence on ambient vergence level. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 945–949, 1999. Radial patterns of optic flow, such as those experienced by moving observers who look in the direction of heading, evoke vergence eye movements at short latency. We have investigated the dependence of these responses on the ambient vergence level. Human subjects faced a large tangent screen onto which two identical random-dot patterns were back-projected. A system of crossed polarizers ensured that each eye saw only one of the patterns, with mirror galvanometers to control the horizontal positions of the images and hence the vergence angle between the two eyes. After converging the subject's eyes at one of several distances ranging from 16.7 cm to infinity, both patterns were replaced with new ones (using a system of shutters and two additional projectors) so as to simulate the radial flow associated with a sudden 4% change in viewing distance with the focus of expansion/contraction imaged in or very near both foveas. Radial-flow steps induced transient vergence at latencies of 80–100 ms, expansions causing increases in convergence and contractions the converse. Based on the change in vergence 90–140 ms after the onset of the steps, responses were proportional to the preexisting vergence angle (and hence would be expected to be inversely proportional to viewing distance under normal conditions). We suggest that this property assists the observer who wants to fixate ahead while passing through a visually cluttered area (e.g., a forest) and so wants to avoid making vergence responses to the optic flow created by the nearby objects in the periphery.

scholarly journals Velocity tuning of short-latency version and vergence eye movements in humans: dynamical limits set by retinal image speed

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 180-180
Author(s):  
F. A. Miles ◽  
G. S. Masson ◽  
D.-Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Short Latency

scholarly journals Short-latency disparity vergence eye movements: A response to disparity energy

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (21) ◽  
pp. 3723-3740 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Sheliga ◽  
E.J. FitzGibbon ◽  
F.A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Short Latency

Short-Latency Eye Movements: Evidence for Rapid, Parallel Processing of Optic Flow

2004 ◽  
pp. 79-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Miles ◽  
C. Busettini ◽  
G. S. Masson ◽  
D. S. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Parallel Processing ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Short Latency

Functional and anatomic organization of three-dimensional eye movements in rabbit cerebellar flocculus

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Van der Steen ◽  
J. I. Simpson ◽  
J. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Coordinate System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Component ◽  
Electrical Microstimulation ◽  
Cerebellar Flocculus

1. The three -dimensional, binocular eye movements evoked by electrical microstimulation of the cerebellar flocculus of alert, pigmented rabbits were recorded using the scleral search coil technique. The components of these eye movements were obtained in reference to an orthogonal coordinate system consisting of a vertical axis and two horizontal axes at 45 degrees and 135 degrees azimuth. The azimuth coordinate was taken to increase to both sides from the 0 degrees reference in the direction of the nose. 2. Eye movements were evoked most readily by stimulation (0.2 -ms pulses at 200 Hz for 1 s, intensity < or = 20 microA) at loci in the deep granular layer and the white matter. They consisted of slow (5–20 deg/s) movements. The responses were either binocular, with the eye ipsilateral to the stimulated flocculus usually having the larger amplitude, or were monocular, in which case they were restricted to the ipsilateral eye. 3. The evoked responses were classified according to the combination of the largest measured component of rotation for the two eyes and its sense of rotation (clockwise, CW, or counterclockwise, CCW). Seventy -eight percent of the evoked eye movements could be placed in one of two classes. For one of these classes the largest response component was a short -latency abduction of the ipsilateral eye about its vertical axis (19%), whereas for the other class (59%), the largest response component was a short -latency CCW rotation of the ipsilateral (left) eye about its 135 degrees axis. This response was frequently (50%) accompanied by a smaller short -latency CW rotation of the contralateral (right) eye about its 45 degrees axis. 4. The two main classes of three -dimensional eye movements are associated differentially with anatomically distinguishable compartments that are revealed by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Of the five anatomically distinguishable compartments in the floccular white matter, three are predominant. The middle of these three compartments is associated with the vertical axis class of movements, whereas the two adjacent compartments are associated with the 135 degrees class of eye movements. The eye movement relation of the other two, smaller compartments, was not determined. 5. The spatial orientation of the rotation axes of the two main classes of evoked eye movements closely corresponds to that of the preferred axes of the visual climbing fiber input to the flocculus. This suggests that both are organized in a similar coordinate system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Short-latency disparity-vergence eye movements in humans: sensitivity to simulated orthogonal tropias

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.-S Yang ◽  
E.J FitzGibbon ◽  
F.A Miles
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Short Latency
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