Abstract
Background: Basal ganglia calcification (BGC) is a well-known complication of hypoparathyroidism. It is currently thought that increased serum phosphate or calcium x phosphate product may be major risk factors. However, the pathophysiology of BGC is still unclear, since the literature is largely based on limited case series or case reports. Methods: We identified a large cohort of patients with hypoparathyroidism diagnosed between 2000 and 2020 and evaluated those with head CT scans performed over this interval. Etiology and date of onset of hypoparathyroidism were determined by medical records review. All head CT scan images were reviewed to confirm radiology reports reporting BGC. We retrieved laboratory data within 10 years before the first head CT that showed incident BGC. Three age- and sex- matched controls with head CT scans were selected for each patient, and compared to the patients with hypoparathyroidism. Results: Of 1014 unique patients with a verified diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism, 142 had a head CT scan performed between 2000 and 2020. Head CT scans were performed for reasons unrelated to hypoparathyroidism in 96.5% of patients. In this cohort, 80.3% of patients (n=114) had post-surgical hypoparathyroidism. Age at which the first head CT in patients was done was 62±20.6 (range 11–97), and duration of hypoparathyroidism at the time of first head CT was 11.0±14.4 years (0–71). Prevalence of BGC in patients with hypoparathyroidism was 25.4% (n=36), as compared with 7.3% in the control group (31/426) (P<0.001). Patients and controls were similar in terms of cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption, smoking status and BMI). In patients with non-surgical hypoparathyroidism (n=28), prevalence of BGC was 71.4% vs. 14.0% in the postsurgical cohort (OR 15.4; 95% CI 5.8–40, P<0.001). Compared to patients with hypoparathyroidism without BGC, those with BGC had lower time-weighted average serum calcium (8.4±0.8 vs. 8.8±0.8, P=0.002; normal range, 8.6–10.2 mg/dL), and lower time-weighted average calcium/phosphate ratio (Ca/P) (1.83±0.52 vs. 2.13±0.47, P=0.007). Conclusions: Basal ganglia calcification in hypoparathyroidism is associated with low serum calcium and low Ca/P ratio. This may allow increased bioavailability of phosphate in the extracellular space, leading to calcium phosphate crystal formation within the basal ganglia. Assessing Ca/P ratio may be useful to identify patients at risk for BGC. Prevalence of BGC is significantly higher in patients with non-surgical hypoparathyroidism.
Basal Ganglia Calcification in Hypoparathyroidism Is Associated With Low Serum Calcium/Phosphate Ratio