On the applicability of Washburn law: study of mercury and water flow properties in cement-based materials

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aït-Mokhtar ◽  
O. Amiri ◽  
P. Dumargue ◽  
A. Bouguerra
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Cement Based Materials

scholarly journals Experimental investigations of air entrainment in transition and skimming flows down a stepped chute

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Chanson ◽  
L Toombes
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Stepped Spillway ◽  
Transition Flow ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Surface Aeration ◽  
Stepped Chute ◽  
Uniform Equilibrium

Stepped spillways have been used for about 3500 years. The last few decades have seen the development of new construction materials, design techniques, and applications, for example, embankment overtopping protection systems. Although it is commonly acknowledged that free-surface aeration is significant in stepped chutes, experimental data are scarce, often limited to very steep slopes (α ~ 50°). This paper presents an experimental study conducted in a large-size stepped chute (α = 22°, h = 0.1 m, W = 1 m). Observations demonstrate the existence of a transition flow pattern for intermediate flow rates between nappe and skimming flows. Detailed air–water flow measurements were conducted in both transition and skimming flows, immediately downstream of the inception point of free-surface aeration where uniform equilibrium flow conditions were not achieved. In skimming flows, a complete characterization is developed for the distributions of void fraction, bubble count rate, and velocity, and flow resistance data are compared with other studies. Transition flows exhibit significantly different air–water flow properties. They are highly aerated, requiring the design of comparatively high chute sidewalls.Key words: stepped spillway, air entrainment, two-phase flow properties, skimming flow, transition flow.

Air-Water Flow Properties in Hydraulic Jumps with Fully and Partially Developed Inflow Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Montano ◽  
Stefan Felder
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Hydraulic Jumps ◽  
Clear Water ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Void Fractions ◽  
Bubble Sizes ◽  
Sampling Duration ◽  
Inflow Conditions

Abstract Novel air-water flow measurements were conducted in fully aerated hydraulic jumps with partially and fully developed supercritical inflow conditions. Irrespective of the inflow conditions, the hydraulic jumps resembled typical flow patterns with strong aeration and instabilities, albeit hydraulic jumps with fully developed inflow conditions had a more upwards directed roller motion and a larger clear water core in the second half of the roller. Hydraulic jumps with fully developed inflow conditions had comparatively larger void fractions in the first half of the jump roller and larger bubble count rates throughout, while a comparatively larger number of smaller bubble sizes suggested a stronger break-up of bubbles. This was consistent with slightly larger interfacial velocities and turbulence intensities in the first half of the jump roller with fully developed inflow conditions. An assessment of the required sampling duration for air-water flow properties indicated the requirement to sample for at least five times longer duration than applied in previous studies. These results highlighted the need to carefully consider the inflow conditions and sampling parameters for aerated hydraulic jumps.

Water movement in unsaturated soils as influenced by gypsum

Soil Research ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Third

Three soils varying in texture and exchangeable sodium were treated either with distilled water or with a gypsum solution of 10 or 30 m-equiv./l. concentration and their water-flow properties, diffusivity (D), capillary conductivity (K), and weighted mean diffusivity (D) determined. Invariably the treatment of soils with gypsum resulted in increased D and K, the increases being more pronounced near saturation and declining with desaturation. The soil with the highest clay content and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) responded most. For the three soils, at the end of the third wetting and draining cycle the highest increase in D and K varied from about 3 to 15 times while D increased by a factor of 2 to 7.5. Wetting and draining cycles resulted in decreased D for all soils when distilled water was used, but only for two soils when 10 or 30 m-equiv. solutions were used. In the soil most responding to gypsum D was slightly increased with increasing number of wetting and draining cycles when gypsum solutions were used. This was due probably to rebuilding of structure by cation exchange, which was lost by slaking and dispersion during the first wetting and draining cycle. The electrolyte concentration of flowing solution did not significantly affect the water flow properties provided that the slaking and dispersion were reduced by a solution of high concentration during the process of cation exchange. At the end of the third wetting and draining cycle, 30 m-equiv. solution gave about 1.7 times higher D compared to 10 m-equiv. for the high clay, high exchangeable sodium soil. This was probably because initial structural loss caused by the first wetting and draining with 10 m-equiv. was not fully regained during subsequent wetting and draining.

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