We derive, based on the real-time formalism (especially thermo-field-dynamics), the Schwinger-Dyson gap equation for the fermion propagator in QED and the four-fermion model at finite temperature and density. We discuss some advantages of the real-time formalism in solving the self-consistent gap equation, in comparison with the ordinary imaginary-time formalism. Once we specify the vertex function, we can write down the SD equation with only continuous variables without performing the discrete sum over Matsubara frequencies which cannot be performed in advance without further approximation in the imaginary-time formalism. By solving the SD equation obtained in this way, we find the chiral-symmetry-restoring transition at finite temperature and present the associated phase diagram of strong-coupling QED. In solving the SD equation, we consider two approximations: instantaneous-exchange and p0-independent ones. The former has a direct correspondence in the imaginary-time formalism; the latter is a new approximation beyond the former, since it is able to incorporate new thermal effects which have been overlooked in the ordinary imaginary-time solution. However, the two approximations are shown to give qualitatively the same results on the finite-temperature phase transition.
Chiral phase transitions in quantum chromodynamics at finite temperature: Hard-thermal-loop resummed Dyson-Schwinger equation in the real time formalism
