Orotate leads to a specific increase in uridine nucleotide levels and a stimulation of sucrose degradation and starch synthesis in discs from growing potato tubers

Planta ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Loef ◽  
Mark Stitt ◽  
Peter Geigenberger
Author(s):  
E.O. Shmelkova ◽  
M.A. Slugina ◽  
A.A. Meleshin ◽  
E.V. Romanova

Работа посвящена разработке и тестированию универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации полноразмерных генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (кислой вакуолярной инвертазы) у видов и сортов картофеля (Solanum tuberosum). Крахмал – основной источник энергии и резервный углевод, накапливающийся в амилопластах клубней. Образовавшаяся в результате фотосинтеза молекула глюкозы при реакции с фруктозой образует сахарозу – основную транспортную форму углеводов в растении. В клубни сахароза доставляется по флоэме (апопластный путь), где в межклеточном пространстве расщепляется до глюкозы и фруктозы, которые затем проникают в клетки паренхимы. Глюкоза служит в дальнейшем субстратом для синтеза крахмала в амилопластах. Однако при воздействии пониженных температур крахмал в клубнях картофеля разрушается до редуцирующих сахаров. Параллельно этому процессу идет ресинтез сахарозы до глюкозы и фруктозы за счет фермента кислой вакуолярной инвертазы (β-фруктофуранозидазы), кодируемой геном Pain-1. В совокупности эти процессы приводят к избыточному накоплению моносахаров в клубнях картофеля, так называемому холодовому осахариванию (cold-induced sweetening). При этом создаются условия для интенсивного образования меланоидинов, вызывающих потемнение мякоти картофеля, что значительно ухудшает товарное качество продукта. Таким образом, изучение гена Pain-1, кодирующего вакуолярную инвертазу, а именно, его идентификация и анализ структуры – важная задача, необходимая для поиска доноров, устойчивых к холодовому осахариванию. Первоочередная задача для этого – разработка и тестирование праймерных комбинаций, позволяющих амплифицировать полноразмерный ген у диких видов картофеля, а также сортов и линий культивируемого картофеля (S. tuberosum). В данной работе приведены результаты разработки и тестирования универсальных праймеров, с помощью которых можно амплифицировать как полноразмерные гены-ортологи, так и фрагменты гена Pain-1, а также подобраны оптимальные условия для проведения ПЦР реакции. Было разработано 6 праймерных комбинаций (PainF – PainR, PainF – Pain1exR, Pain1exF – Pain3exR, Pain2inF – Pain2inR, Pain3exF – Pain5exR, Pain5exF – PainR), среди которых комбинация PainF – PainR позволяла амплифицировать полноразмерный ген, остальные – внутренние и будут использованы в дальнейшем при секвенировании фрагментов исследуемого гена. Эти праймеры были успешно протестированы на 15 образцах, включающих представителей пяти дикорастущих видов картофеля (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) и десяти сортов российской и зарубежной селекции (Гала, Ласунок, Ред Скарлетт, Рассет Бербанк, Мирас, Башкирский, Жуковский ранний, Матушка, Елизавета, Сударыня).The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. Summary. The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. In total 6 primer combinations were designed (PainF - PainR, PainF - Pain1exR, Pain1exF - Pain3exR, Pain2inF - Pain2inR, Pain3exF - Pain5exR, Pain5exF - PainR), where PainF - PainR primer combination allowed to amplify a full-sized gene, the rest are internal and will be used in the further fragments sequencing of the β-fructofuranosidase gene. These primers were successfully tested on 15 samples, including five wild species of potato (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) and ten varieties of Russian and foreign breeding (Gala, Lasunok, Red Scarlet , Rasset Burbank, Miras, Bashkirsky, Zhukovsky ranniy, Matushka, Elizaveta, Sudaryna).


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7473
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Sobol ◽  
Tomasz Jakubowski ◽  
Piotr Nawara
Keyword(s):  
Uv C ◽  

Given that the expressions of concern in this paper [...]


NeuroImage ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Tik ◽  
André Hoffmann ◽  
Ronald Sladky ◽  
Livia Tomova ◽  
Allan Hummer ◽  
...  

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry ◽  
Mohammad Ali Ahmadi-Pajouh ◽  
Michelle D. Harran ◽  
Yousef Salimpour ◽  
Reza Shadmehr

Both abrupt and gradually imposed perturbations produce adaptive changes in motor output, but the neural basis of adaptation may be distinct. Here, we measured the state of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the corticospinal network during adaptation by measuring motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) before reach onset using transcranial magnetic stimulation of M1. Subjects reached in a force field in a schedule in which the field was introduced either abruptly or gradually over many trials. In both groups, by end of the training, muscles that countered the perturbation in a given direction increased their activity during the reach (labeled as the on direction for each muscle). In the abrupt group, in the period before the reach toward the on direction, MEPs in these muscles also increased, suggesting a direction-specific increase in the excitability of the corticospinal network. However, in the gradual group, these MEP changes were missing. After training, there was a period of washout. The MEPs did not return to baseline. Rather, in the abrupt group, off direction MEPs increased to match on direction MEPs. Therefore, we observed changes in corticospinal excitability in the abrupt but not gradual condition. Abrupt training includes the repetition of motor commands, and repetition may be the key factor that produces this plasticity. Furthermore, washout did not return MEPs to baseline, suggesting that washout engaged a new network that masked but did not erase the effects of previous adaptation. Abrupt but not gradual training appears to induce changes in M1 and/or corticospinal networks.


1972 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1287-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Hawker ◽  
J.L. Ozbun ◽  
Jack Preiss

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Trethewey ◽  
Peter Geigenberger ◽  
Kerstin Riedel ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei ◽  
Uwe Sonnewald ◽  
...  

Planta ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl J. Oparka ◽  
Kathryn M. Wright

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