To analyze the effects of c- myc and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) on hepatocarcinogenesis induced by simian virus 40 T antigen (TAg), livers from single and bitransgenic mice, 3 to 11 mice per line, were examined morphologically 1 to 8 weeks after birth. Mice carrying c- myc or TGFα alone exhibited centrilobular hypertrophy and increased apoptosis (c- myc mice only) of hepatocytes after 3 or 4 weeks of age, but no detectable changes in cell proliferation or proliferative lesions were observed in either line during the 8 weeks. Mice carrying TAg alone exhibited increased cell proliferation, apoptosis, and dysplasia of hepatocytes with notably high mitotic and apoptotic indices as major changes before development of putative preneoplastic lesions after 4 weeks of age and neoplastic lesions after 6 weeks. In bitransgenic mice coexpressing c- myc or TGFα with TAg, nonproliferative lesions and mitotic and apoptotic indices were similar to those in mice carrying TAg alone. In TAg X c- myc bitransgenic mice, however, both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions developed sooner and grew more rapidly than those in TAg mice, whereas in TAg X TGFα bitransgenic mice, rapid tumor growth was the principle observation. Because of the effects of transgene coexpression, livers from TAg X c- myc and TAg X TGFα mice had multiple tumors as early as 3 and 6 weeks of age, respectively. The results indicate cooperative functions of c- myc and TGFα with TAg during development and/or growth of liver tumors in vivo.
Mammary Carcinogenesis Is Preceded by Altered Epithelial Cell Turnover in Transforming Growth Factor-α and c-myc Transgenic Mice