Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Clinical practice guidelines established by the National Kidney Foundation identify five stages of CKD defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as determined by the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation. The National Health and Nutrition Epidemiology Survey (NHANES III) estimated that 13% of adults in the United States have CKD. An estimated 5 to 10% of the world's population—a staggering 300 to 600 million people—have CKD. This chapter covers the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, and management of CVD in patients who have CKD. The clinical spectrum of CVD in patients with CKD is divided into four major categories: arterial disease, myocardial disease, disorders of cardiac rhythm, and valvular disease. Sections discuss some or all of the following: epidemiology/pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, risk factors, intervention, prevention. The chapter includes 4 tables and 6 figures. Figures present age-standardized rates of death, Kaplan–Meier estimates of rates of death, mortality by stage of CKD, hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, cardio-renal syndrome pathophysiology, and ratios for actual to expected number of occurrences of sudden death. Tables list the five stages of CKD, types of CVD associated with CKD, risk factors for CVD in patients with CKD/end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and factors contributing to platelet dysfunction and enhanced bleeding risk in CKD/ESRD. This chapter contains 191 references.
Clinical spectrum, prognosis and estimated prevalence of DNAJB11-kidney disease
