We present an analysis of ruga-formation instabilities arising in a graded stiffness boundary layer of a neo-Hookean half space, caused by lateral plane-strain compression. In this study, we represent the boundary layer by a stiffness distribution exponentially decaying from a surface value
Q
0
to a bulk value
Q
B
with a decay length of 1/
a
. Then, the normalized perturbation wavenumber,
k
¯
=
k
/
a
, and the compressive strain,
ε
, control formation of a wrinkle pattern and its evolution towards crease or fold patterns for every stiffness ratio
η
=
Q
B
/
Q
0
. Our first-order instability analysis reveals that the boundary layer exhibits self-selectivity of the critical wavenumber for nearly the entire range of 0<
η
<1, except for the slab (
η
=0) and homogeneous half-space (
η
=1) limits. Our second-order analysis supplemented by finite-element analysis further uncovers various instability-order-dependent bifurcations, from stable wrinkling of the first order to creasing of the infinite-order cascade instability, which construct diverse ruga phases in the three-dimensional parameter space of
(
ε
,
k
¯
,
η
)
. Competition among film-buckling, local film-crease and global substrate-crease modes of energy release produces diverse ruga-phase domains. Our analysis also reveals the subcritical crease states of the homogeneous half space. Our results are, then, compared with the behaviour of equivalent bilayer systems for thin-film applications.