Purely periodic expansions in systems with negative base

Zuzana Masáková; Edita Pelantová

doi:10.1007/s10474-012-0261-0

A RATIONAL APPROACH TO ACID-BASE THERAPY IN THE NEWBORN: A COMMENTARY

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.43.5.827 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 827-830

Author(s):

Poul Kildeberg ◽

Knud Engel

Keyword(s):

Base Excess ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Rational Approach ◽

High Pco2 ◽

Pulmonary Insufficiency ◽

Volatile Acid ◽

Acid Base ◽

Titratable Acid ◽

Lactate Levels ◽

Negative Base

Although the phenomenon of severe acidosis in the depressed neonate is now widely appreciated, our understanding of both pathogenesis and clinical significance of this disturbance is still incomplete. The fall in blood pH under such circumstances is usually due to accumulation of both carbon dioxide and titratable non-volatile acid; the latter feature is explained in part by bicarbonate redistribution in response to hypercapnia and in part by addition to the blood of organic acid in response to hypoxia. In the hypoxic infant, elevations of the blood lactate level often fall short of the change in the concentration of blood titratable acid as reflected by the blood "base excess;"1,2 and, in recent experimental studies on this problem we found that, in (constantly) normocapnic dogs, acute severe hypoxia leads to a rapid fall in blood "base excess" before any appreciable rise in lactate levels occurs. Because conventional "physiological-type" acid-base terminological systems do not allow for the presence of secondary noncompensatory variables, the "high Pco2-low base excess" type of acidosis so characteristic of the asphyxiated newborn is not easily classifled in terms of conventional acid-base diagnostic categories. Far from representing a "misinterpretation of negative "base excess values," as stated by Nelson and Riegel, classification of this particular disturbance as a "mixed acidosis" appears reasonable in view of the evidence described in the foregoing; actually, the identical diagnostic attitude is implicit in Nelson and Riegel paper. On the other hand, we wish to emphasize that both bicarbonate redistribution and accumulation of organic acids are secondary to the primary pulmonary insufficiency, and that both are rapidly reversible upon restoration of adequate pulmonary function.

Download Full-text

Deterministic Division Algorithm in a Negative Base

IEEE Transactions on Computers ◽

10.1109/t-c.1973.223672 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol C-22 (2) ◽

pp. 125-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P.V. Sankar ◽

S. Chakrabarti ◽

E.V. Krishnamurthy

Keyword(s):

Division Algorithm ◽

Negative Base

Download Full-text

Using a negative base for number notation

Mathematics Teacher ◽

10.5951/mt.56.2.0091 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 91-93

Author(s):

Chauncey H. Wells

Keyword(s):

Negative Base

Experimenting with negative base notation not only strengthens the understanding of decimal notation but also leads to new discoveries of interesting patterns of numbers.

Download Full-text

Negative Base Number Systems

IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers ◽

10.1109/tec.1957.5221586 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol EC-6 (2) ◽

pp. 123-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Louis B. Wadel

Keyword(s):

Base Number ◽

Number Systems ◽

Negative Base

Download Full-text

Arithmetic Algorithms in a Negative Base

IEEE Transactions on Computers ◽

10.1109/t-c.1975.224109 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol C-24 (10) ◽

pp. 998-1000 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

D.P. Agrawal

Keyword(s):

Negative Base

Download Full-text

Abstract 191: Effects of Anesthetic Agents on Blood Parameters in Rats With Acute Hemorrhagic Shock

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.138.suppl_2.191 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Jianru Shi ◽

Wangde Dai ◽

Juan Carreno ◽

Sharon L Hale ◽

Robert A Kloner

Keyword(s):

Hemorrhagic Shock ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Protective Role ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Shed Blood ◽

Anesthetic Agents ◽

Essentially Normal ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Lactate Levels ◽

Negative Base

Background: Recent studies in our laboratory indicate that isoflurane (ISO) has protective properties including improved survival in rats with hemorrhagic shock compared to ketamine and xylazine (K/X) anesthesia. The effects of these two anesthetic agents upon blood counts, gases and chemistries in the setting of hemorrhagic shock is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of these two commonly used anesthetic regimens on blood parameters in rats with acute hemorrhagic shock. Methods and Results: Sprague Dawley rats (both genders) were anesthetized with either intraperitoneal K/X (90mg/kg and 10mg/kg; n=12) or with isoflurane (5% isoflurane induction and 2% maintenance in room air; n=12). Rats were intubated and ventilated with room air. After heparinization, hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawing blood to a fixed mean blood pressure of 30 mmHg for one hour and then shed blood was reinfused. Arterial blood samples were collected at 1 hour after resuscitation with shed blood. We found that K/X was associated with lower PH and lower level of standard bicarbonate concentration (SBC) and oxygen saturation (SO 2 %) and more negative base excess; and had a significantly elevated anion gap, potassium, sodium and chloride levels compared to isoflurane (Table). Platelet counts were preserved and there was less elevation of white blood cell (WBC) in ISO (Table). There were no significant differences in PO 2 , PCO 2 , hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose and lactate levels between the two types of anesthesia. Conclusions: The anesthesia influenced the levels of blood counts, gases and chemistries in rats with acute hemorrhagic shock, favoring ISO over K/X. Blood parameters remained essentially normal in ISO group, which may help explain the protective role of ISO in hemorrhagic shock.

Download Full-text