Occurrence of disinfection by-products in tap water distribution systems and their associated health risk

2013 ◽  
Vol 185 (9) ◽  
pp. 7675-7691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Lee ◽  
Eun-Sook Kim ◽  
Bang-Sik Roh ◽  
Seog-Won Eom ◽  
Kyung-Duk Zoh
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
By Products

Evidence of arsenic release promoted by disinfection by-products within drinking-water distribution systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 472 ◽  
pp. 1145-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syam S. Andra ◽  
Konstantinos C. Makris ◽  
George Botsaris ◽  
Pantelis Charisiadis ◽  
Harris Kalyvas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
By Products

Pathogenic viruses in drinking-water biofilms: a public health risk?

Biofilms ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Skraber ◽  
J. Schijven ◽  
C. Gantzer ◽  
A. M. de Roda Husman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Biofilms in drinking-water distribution systems may accumulate human pathogenic viruses. Viruses that attach to biofilm are removed from the water phase improving the water quality. However, if released in slough, it may still present a risk of infection. This review describes the available data on the presence of pathogenic viruses in drinking-water biofilms. First, biofilms of distribution systems potentially contribute to viral contamination of tap water only if infectious viruses are present initially in the water, which has been shown in several recent studies. However, only one out of three field studies showed the presence of infectious enteroviruses in natural biofilms from drinking-water networks. The presence of pathogenic viruses in biofilms points to the ability of these viruses to attach to biofilms. This has also been shown in pilot-scale studies in which bacteriophages and vaccine poliovirus strains were spiked into water and could be eluted from artificial biofilms. Reported attachment rates vary greatly and may depend on many factors such as the biofilm characteristics, the virus strain and the efficiency of viral recovery from biofilms. One study reported biphasic viral inactivation in biofilms with rapid initial inactivation followed by slow inactivation, implying that some of the attached viruses are able to remain infectious for a longer time. In several laboratory experiments, virus attachment to biofilms has been reported under various conditions; however, although detachment of sloughs in distribution systems has been observed, the presence of viruses in these sloughs was not studied. Here, we discuss the possible presence of infectious pathogenic viruses in sloughs; the extent to which these will pose a health risk remains to be investigated.

By-Products Associated with Structural Rehabilitation for Water Distribution Systems

Epidemiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. S212-S213
Author(s):  
Denis Gauvin ◽  
Benoît Lévesque ◽  
Jean-François Duchesne ◽  
Alain Leblanc ◽  
éric Gaudreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Structural Rehabilitation ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Virus contamination from operation and maintenance events in small drinking water distribution systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Lambertini ◽  
Susan K. Spencer ◽  
Burney A. Kieke ◽  
Frank J. Loge ◽  
Mark A. Borchardt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Ultraviolet Disinfection ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

We tested the association of common events in drinking water distribution systems with contamination of household tap water with human enteric viruses. Viruses were enumerated by qPCR in the tap water of 14 municipal systems that use non-disinfected groundwater. Ultraviolet disinfection was installed at all active wellheads to reduce virus contributions from groundwater to the distribution systems. As no residual disinfectant was added to the water, any increase in virus levels measured downstream at household taps would be indicative of distribution system intrusions. Utility operators reported events through written questionnaires. Virus outcome measures were related to distribution system events using binomial and gamma regression. Virus concentrations were elevated in the wells, reduced or eliminated by ultraviolet disinfection, and elevated again in distribution systems, showing that viruses were, indeed, directly entering the systems. Pipe installation was significantly associated with higher virus levels, whereas hydrant flushing was significantly associated with lower virus levels. Weak positive associations were observed for water tower maintenance, valve exercising, and cutting open a water main. Coliform bacteria detections from routine monitoring were not associated with viruses. Understanding when distribution systems are most vulnerable to virus contamination, and taking precautionary measures, will ensure delivery of safe drinking water.

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