scholarly journals A Defense of Modest Ideal Observer Theory: The Case of Adam Smith’s Impartial Spectator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Ben-Moshe
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Impartial Spectator

Ideal Observer Analysis in Dual Attention Task

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiko Yakushijin ◽  
Akira Ishiguchi
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Ideal Observer Analysis

Fechner's Ideal Observer Theory

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Link
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Observer

Sentimental Conviction: Rousseau’s Apologia and the Impartial Spectator

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Schoene
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Moral Sentiments ◽  
Impartial Spectator ◽  
Direct Discourse ◽  
Rhetorical Device ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
Theory Of Moral Sentiments

Where Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) extends the domain of spectatorship beyond the ocular realm and claims that we must become the impartial spectators of our own character and conduct, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques, Dialogues (1776) also attempts to probe beyond the visual surface to examine through careful study the constitution of another, who is actually himself. This chapter traces a Smithian sentiment in the radical division of the self dramatized in Rousseau’s fictional autobiographical Dialogues, emphasizing Rousseau’s attempt to liberate his own gaze and render an unbiased judgment upon himself. Although Rousseau does not write in direct discourse with Smith, he applies a strikingly similar rhetorical device to the spectator within the dialogic structure of his apologia. Reading Rousseau alongside Smith resituates the Dialogues not as a work of madness, as it has frequently been interpreted, but rather as an unrelenting struggle for justice.

CNN performance dependence on linear image processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 310-1-310-7
Author(s):  
Khalid Omer ◽  
Luca Caucci ◽  
Meredith Kupinski
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Texture Classification ◽  
Full Rank ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Image Texture ◽  
Training Images ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
Linear Compression

This work reports on convolutional neural network (CNN) performance on an image texture classification task as a function of linear image processing and number of training images. Detection performance of single and multi-layer CNNs (sCNN/mCNN) are compared to optimal observers. Performance is quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, also known as the AUC. For perfect detection AUC = 1.0 and AUC = 0.5 for guessing. The Ideal Observer (IO) maximizes AUC but is prohibitive in practice because it depends on high-dimensional image likelihoods. The IO performance is invariant to any fullrank, invertible linear image processing. This work demonstrates the existence of full-rank, invertible linear transforms that can degrade both sCNN and mCNN even in the limit of large quantities of training data. A subsequent invertible linear transform changes the images’ correlation structure again and can improve this AUC. Stationary textures sampled from zero mean and unequal covariance Gaussian distributions allow closed-form analytic expressions for the IO and optimal linear compression. Linear compression is a mitigation technique for high-dimension low sample size (HDLSS) applications. By definition, compression strictly decreases or maintains IO detection performance. For small quantities of training data, linear image compression prior to the sCNN architecture can increase AUC from 0.56 to 0.93. Results indicate an optimal compression ratio for CNN based on task difficulty, compression method, and number of training images.

Object Detection Using an Ideal Observer Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (16) ◽  
pp. 41-1-41-7
Author(s):  
Orit Skorka ◽  
Paul J. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Matched Filter ◽  
Image Sensors ◽  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Relative Evaluation ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Observer Model ◽  
The Ideal

Many of the metrics developed for informational imaging are useful in automotive imaging, since many of the tasks – for example, object detection and identification – are similar. This work discusses sensor characterization parameters for the Ideal Observer SNR model, and elaborates on the noise power spectrum. It presents cross-correlation analysis results for matched-filter detection of a tribar pattern in sets of resolution target images that were captured with three image sensors over a range of illumination levels. Lastly, the work compares the crosscorrelation data to predictions made by the Ideal Observer Model and demonstrates good agreement between the two methods on relative evaluation of detection capabilities.

Philosophy of Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Schliesser
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Impartial Spectator ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Theory Acceptance ◽  
Scientific Systems

This chapter articulates Adam Smith’s philosophy of science. The first section emphasizes the significance of Smith’s social conception of science—science takes place, not always comfortably, within a larger society and is itself a social enterprise in which our emotions play a crucial role. Even so, in Smith’s view science ultimately is a reason-giving enterprise, akin to how he understands the role of the impartial spectator. The second and third sections explain Smith’s attitude to theorizing and its relationship, if any, to Humean skepticism. Smith distinguishes between theory acceptance and the possibility of criticism; while he accepts fallibilism, he also embraces scientific revolutions and even instances of psychological incommensurability. His philosophy is not an embrace of Humean skepticism, but a modest realism. Finally, the chapter explores the implications of Smith’s analysis of scientific systems as machines.

Our Obligation to Future Generations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amartya Sen
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Impartial Spectator ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Basic Plane

Our reasoned sense of obligations to others can arise from at least three possible sources: cooperation, having caused harm, and effective power to improve suffering. The last source, this chapter argues, is particularly important in considering our obligations to future generations. It draws on a line of reasoning that takes us well beyond contractarian motivations to the idea of the “impartial spectator” as developed by Adam Smith. The interests of future generations come into the story because they are important in our attempt to be impartial spectators. The obligation of power contrasts with the mutual obligations for cooperation at the basic plane of motivational justification. In the context of climate concerns and intergenerational justice, this asymmetry-embracing approach seems to allow an easier entry for understanding our obligations.

scholarly journals Comprehensive or Political Liberalism? The Impartial Spectator and the Justification of Political Principles

Utilitas ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nir Ben-Moshe
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Impartial Spectator ◽  
Alternative Framework ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
Political Form ◽  
Political Principles

Abstract John Rawls raises three challenges – to which one can add a fourth challenge – to an impartial spectator account: (a) the impartial spectator is a utility-maximizing device that does not take seriously the distinction between persons; (b) the account does not guarantee that the principles of justice will be derived from it; (c) the notion of impartiality in the account is the wrong one, since it does not define impartiality from the standpoint of the litigants themselves; (d) the account would offer a comprehensive, rather than a political, form of liberalism. The narrow aim of the article is to demonstrate that Adam Smith's impartial spectator account can rise to Rawls's challenges. The broader aim is to demonstrate that the impartial spectator account offers the basis for a novel and alternative framework for developing principles of justice, and does so in the context of a political form of liberalism.

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