Research has found that implementation intentions, if-then action plans (e.g., “if I see a Black face, I will think safe”; Stewart & Payne, 2008), reduce stereotyping on implicit measures. However, it is unknown by what process(es) implementation intentions reduce implicit stereotyping. The present research examines the effects of implementation intentions on stereotype activation (e.g., extent to which stereotypic information is accessible) and stereotype application (e.g., extent to which accessible stereotypes are applied in judgment). Additionally, we assessed the efficiency of implementation intentions by manipulating cognitive resources (e.g., digit-span, restricted response-window) while participants made judgments on an implicit stereotyping measure. Across four studies, implementation intentions reduced implicit stereotyping. This decrease in stereotyping was associated with reductions in both stereotype activation and application. Additionally, these effects of implementation intentions were highly efficient and associated with reduced stereotyping even for groups for which people may have little practice inhibiting stereotypes (e.g., gender).
The Best Laid Plans: Planning Skill Determines the Effectiveness of Action Plans and Implementation Intentions