scholarly journals Implementation Intentions Reduce Implicit Stereotype Activation and Application

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Rees ◽  
Andrew M Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Response Window ◽  
Implicit Stereotyping

Research has found that implementation intentions, if-then action plans (e.g., “if I see a Black face, I will think safe”; Stewart & Payne, 2008), reduce stereotyping on implicit measures. However, it is unknown by what process(es) implementation intentions reduce implicit stereotyping. The present research examines the effects of implementation intentions on stereotype activation (e.g., extent to which stereotypic information is accessible) and stereotype application (e.g., extent to which accessible stereotypes are applied in judgment). Additionally, we assessed the efficiency of implementation intentions by manipulating cognitive resources (e.g., digit-span, restricted response-window) while participants made judgments on an implicit stereotyping measure. Across four studies, implementation intentions reduced implicit stereotyping. This decrease in stereotyping was associated with reductions in both stereotype activation and application. Additionally, these effects of implementation intentions were highly efficient and associated with reduced stereotyping even for groups for which people may have little practice inhibiting stereotypes (e.g., gender).

scholarly journals Implementation Intentions Reduce Implicit Stereotype Activation and Application

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Rose Rees ◽  
Andrew Michael Rivers ◽  
Jeffrey W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Response Window ◽  
Implicit Stereotyping

Research has found that implementation intentions, if–then action plans (e.g., “if I see a Black face, I will think safe”), reduce stereotyping on implicit measures. However, it is unknown by what process(es) implementation intentions reduce implicit stereotyping. The present research examines the effects of implementation intentions on stereotype activation (e.g., extent to which stereotypic information is accessible) and stereotype application (e.g., extent to which accessible stereotypes are applied in judgment). In addition, we assessed the efficiency of implementation intentions by manipulating cognitive resources (e.g., digit-span, restricted response window) while participants made judgments on an implicit stereotyping measure. Across four studies, implementation intentions reduced implicit stereotyping. This decrease in stereotyping was associated with reductions in both stereotype activation and application. In addition, these effects of implementation intentions were highly efficient and associated with reduced stereotyping even for groups for which people may have little practice inhibiting stereotypes (e.g., gender).

Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Kawakami ◽  
Kenneth L. Dion ◽  
John F. Dovidio
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Black Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Prejudice ◽  
Implicit Stereotyping ◽  
Naming Latencies

In the present study, automatic stereotype activation related to racial categories was examined utilizing a primed Stroop task. The speed of participants' ink-color naming of stereotypic and nonstereotypic target words following Black and White category primes were compared: slower naming times are presumed to reflect interference from automatic activation. The results provide support for automatic activation of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. With respect to prejudice, naming latencies tended to be slower for positive words following White than Black primes and slower for negative words following Black than White primes. With regard to stereotypes, participants demonstrated slower naming latencies for Black stereotypes, primarily those that were negatively valenced, following Black than White category primes. These findings provide further evidence of the automatic activation of stereotypes and prejudice that occurs without intention.

Phonological and visual similarity effects in Chinese and English language users: Implications for the use of cognitive resources in short-term memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
RACHEL L. COLE ◽  
SUSAN J. PICKERING
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
English Language ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Articulation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Chinese And English

This study investigated the encoding strategies employed by Chinese and English language users when recalling sequences of pictured objects. The working memory performance of native English participants (n = 14) and Chinese speakers of English as a second language (Chinese ESL; n = 14) was compared using serial recall of visually-presented pictures of familiar objects with three conditions: (i) phonologically and visually distinct, (ii) phonologically similar and visually distinct, and (iii) phonologically distinct and visually similar. Digit span, visual pattern span and articulation rate were also measured. Results indicated that whilst English participants were affected by the phonological but not the visual similarity of items, the performance of Chinese ESL participants was comparable across all three conditions. No significant differences in digit span, visual memory or articulation rate were found between groups. These results are discussed in the light of our understanding of the use of cognitive resources in short-term memory in users of diverse orthographies.

scholarly journals Action and coping plans related to the behavior of adherence to drug therapy among coronary heart disease outpatients

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bacelar de Araujo Lourenço ◽  
Roberta Cunha Matheus Rodrigues ◽  
Thaís Moreira Spana ◽  
Maria Cecília Bueno Jayme Gallani ◽  
Marilia Estevam Cornélio
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Daily Living Activities ◽  
And Coping

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the action and coping plans related to the behavior of adhering to drug therapy, developed by coronary heart disease (CHD) outpatients, and to identify the barriers perceived to adopting this behavior. METHODS: the participants (n=59) were invited to formulate action plans and coping plans for the behavior of adhering to the cardio-protective medications and the symptom-relief medications. RESULTS: specific action plans for taking the medications associated with temporal markers and the sleep-wake cycle were shown. The most frequently reported obstacles were forgetfulness and absence of routine in daily living activities. The coping plans for overcoming forgetfulness were the most specific. CONCLUSION: this study's findings support the application of implementation intentions aimed at optimizing adherence to drug therapy among patients with CHD.

scholarly journals Examining the Relationships Among Categorization, Stereotype Activation, and Stereotype Application

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-513
Author(s):  
Heather Rose Rees ◽  
Debbie S. Ma ◽  
Jeffrey W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Implicit Stereotyping

Increased category salience is associated with increased stereotyping. Prior research has not examined the processes that may account for this relationship. That is, it is unclear whether category salience leads to increased stereotyping by increasing stereotype activation (i.e., increased accessibility of stereotypic information), application (i.e., increasing the tendency to apply activated stereotypes), or both processes simultaneously. We examined this question across three studies by manipulating category salience in an implicit stereotyping measure and by applying a process model that provides independent estimates of stereotype activation and application. Our results replicated past findings that category salience increases stereotyping. Modeling results showed that category salience consistently increased the extent of stereotype application but increased stereotype activation in more limited contexts. Implications for models of social categorization and stereotyping are discussed.

Highly efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2 to CO conversion in aqueous solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (27) ◽  
pp. 3851-3854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Chai ◽  
Hai-Hua Huang ◽  
Huiping Liu ◽  
Zhuofeng Ke ◽  
Wen-Wen Yong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Photocatalytic Performance ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Co Conversion

A Co-based complex displayed the highest photocatalytic performance for CO2 to CO conversion in aqueous media.

Tuning the pore structures and photocatalytic properties of a 2D covalent organic framework with multi-branched photoactive moieties

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (30) ◽  
pp. 16136-16142
Author(s):  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Ming-Jie Dong ◽  
Chuan-De Wu
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Properties ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Covalent Organic Framework ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Pore Structures ◽  
Local Connection ◽  
Organic Framework

An effective strategy to incorporate accessible metalloporphyrin photoactive sites into 2D COFs by establishing a 3D local connection for highly efficient photocatalysis was developed.

Family Action Plans Improve Children's Eczema

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
M. ALEXANDER OTTO
Keyword(s):  
Action Plans
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