digit span
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Author(s):  
Agata Goraczko ◽  
Alina Zurek ◽  
Maciej Lachowicz ◽  
Katarzyna Kujawa ◽  
Grzegorz Zurek

Background: The present investigation was designed to determine cognitive performance and quality of life (QoL) in a group of elite athletes who sustained spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: nine participants suffering a SCI participated in the study. Different cognitive functions were evaluated through the following tests: COWAT, Digit Span, Stroop color–word and QoL through the WHOQoL-BREF scale. Results: Generally, participants positively assessed their overall quality of life and health status. Although the tests conducted indicate reduced cognitive function among the athletes, it did not affect the reduction in QoL. Single correlations between the results of cognitive tests and QoL could be treated as coincidental. Conclusions: Despite the observed decline in selected cognitive functions, the participants positively assessed their quality of life and physical health.Reduced cognitive functioning could be influenced by the impact of sleep-disordered breathing, pain, depressive disorders and medication. This indicates the need for an individualized approach to define the patient’s deficits, needs and best care. Further studies with a larger group of participants are needed.


2022 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Saad Mohamed ◽  
Mahmoud Ahmed Elmeteini ◽  
Ghada Abd Elrazek Mohamed ◽  
Doha Mostafa Elserafy ◽  
Alaa Adel Elmadani ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Liver transplantation (LT) helped to save the life of end stage liver disease (ESLD) patients; however, there is a debate on the persistence of cognitive impairment. The study aimed to evaluate cognitive functions in patients with ESLD before and after liver transplantation and to assess its relation to hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Thirty recipients 47.6 ± 11 years undergone living donor liver transplantation at the transplantation center of both Ain Shams Center for Organ Transplant and Egypt air organ transplant unit were prospectively assessed by Trail Making Test, Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, Benton Visual Retention—for the evaluation of cognitive functions before and 3 months after transplantation. Results The mean age of the patients was 47.6 ± 11 years, 17 males and 13 females. Eight out of 30 (26.7%) had past history of hepatic encephalopathy. The study reported significant improvement in the post-operative 3 months scores of Trail Making Test part (A), the digit span forward test, digit span backward test and the correct score difference of the Benton Visual Retention, as p value was (0.02), (0.01) (0.02), and (0.01) respectively, compared to the pre-operative scores. However, there was no difference in the scores of part (B), verbal association I, II, information subtest of WMS. Cognitive performance showed no significant difference between patients with or without history of HE. Conclusions Patients with ESLD have significant cognitive impairment that showed improvement after LT; HE did not correlate with cognitive function. Hence, transplantation has a favorable outcome on the cognitive impairment.


2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli ◽  
Magda Tsolaki

Research in the last decade has focused on assessing financial capacity and incapacity mainly in old age, but new research has turned to address the question of how financial incapacity can be predicted by cognitive factors. The aim of this study was to identify which cognitive domains predict financial capacity and the relevant cognitive skills of patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in order to assist neurologists in functional assessment and further patient referral. In this study, 109 patients diagnosed with mild AD were examined with a number of neuropsychological tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Functional Rating Scale for Symptoms of Dementia (FRSSD), Functional Cognitive Assessment Scale (FUCAS), Trail Making Test (TMT)-Part B, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT)-copy condition and delayed recall condition, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Boston Naming Test, Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), digit span forward and backward, WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and the Legal Capacity for Property Law Transactions Assessment Scale (LCPLTAS). LCPLTAS total score and relevant subdomains were best predicted only by the score of one item coming from MMSE: subtraction of serial sevens. This is the only measure of arithmetic testing in use for the Greek geriatric population. Financial capacity is severely impaired in the group of mild AD patients. In order to prevent financial exploitation cases, neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, and geriatrists should pay close attention to the information from the relevant arithmetic question of MMSE, as it is one of the most widely administered screening tests in clinical settings.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Maria Blott ◽  
Oliver Hartopp ◽  
Kate Nation ◽  
Jennifer M Rodd

Fluent language comprehension requires readers and listeners to rapidly select an appropriate meaning for each word that they encounter. This meaning selection process is particularly challenging when low-frequency (subordinate) word meanings are used (e.g. the “river bank” meaning of “bank”). Recent word-meaning priming experiments show that recent experience can help to make subordinate word meanings more readily available, and thereby reduce the difficulty in accessing these meanings. One limitation of previous word-meaning priming experiments is that participants encounter the ambiguous words within a list of unconnected single sentences in which each ambiguous word is strongly disambiguated by words within the prime sentence. The current web-based study (N=51) extends this work to replicate word-meaning priming using short 3-sentence narratives as primes in which relatively weak contextual cues in sentence 1 serve to disambiguate a target ambiguous word that occurs in sentence 3. The results from the subsequent word-association test task confirmed that following a short delay (digit span) task the primed (subordinate) meanings were more readily available compared with an unprimed control. This work represents an important first step in moving the word-meaning priming paradigm towards materials that more reflect the varied ways in which ambiguous words are used within natural language.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-312
Author(s):  
Gülbün Asuman Yüksel ◽  
Gizem Gürsoy

Background: People with normal functionality have normal cognitive changes associated with the ageing process while many people age without cognitive decline. The most exact effects of age are cognitive impairments in learning, memory, and problem solving. These age-related effects slightly increase or do not change for many years, and do not affect the daily life activities of the person. Methods: To investigate age-related cognitive effects, detailed cognitive evaluations were compared with 20 years intervals in 7 (seven) elderly individuals at Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital in 2019. These individuals are continuing daily life activities and sociocultural relations independently. Mini-mental state examination, verbal memory processes test and visual memory test-Wechsler memory scale for memory processes, digit span test for attention function, verbal fluency, similarities, stroop, and trail-making test for the evaluation of frontal lobe functions, Benton’s line direction determination test for the visuospatial organization have been applied to individuals. Results: In comparison with the cognitive test results applied twenty years ago; immediate memory impairment is evident, abstraction and attention function are relatively less affected. The tests showing the frontal lobe function, the verbal fluency which also reflects the vocabulary information is less affected, while the cognitive impairment is more in consecutive-complex processes. Conclusion: Cognitive functions based on attention, vocabulary and knowledge are substantially preserved with mild improvement in normal ageing. The most important improvement is on executive functions due to the decrease in motor and cognitive processing speed in cases where complex information needs to be processed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Biyanti Dwi Winarsih ◽  
Yayuk Fatmawati ◽  
Sri Hartini

ENGLISHShort-term memory in school-age children is significant in the learning process and academic ability improvement. Adequate intake of nutrients and body fluids are needed to accelerate brain performance so that children have optimum memory function. A preliminary study on short term memory of students in SD N Gembong 2, Pati Regency showed that some students experienced a decrease in short-term memory. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between nutritional status and nutritional status with children's short-term memory. This study used a correlational design and involved 52 students from 4th - 6th grade in elementary school. The measurement of hydration status used urine specific gravity, while short-term memory was measured using a digit span test. Then, the Chi-Square test was applied to analyze the data. This study result showed that more than half of children had normal nutritional status, good hydration status and normal short-term memory. Furthermore, nutritional status and hydration status were associated with children's short-term memory. Parents should provide more attention to their children’s nutritional and fluid needs, by 1) the children are getting used to taking breakfast before going to school and 2) parents provide meals and drinks from home for their children. INDONESIAMemori jangka pendek pada anak usia sekolah sangat berpengaruh terhadap proses belajar dan upaya peningkatan kemampuan akademik. Asupan nutrisi dan cairan tubuh yang cukup dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan kerja otak sehingga fungsi memori anak lebih optimal.  Data awal penelitian terkait memori jangka pendek anak di SD N Gembong 2 Pati menunjukkan sebagian anak mengalami penurunan memori jangka pendek. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan status gizi dan status nutrisi dengan memori jangka pendek anak. Metode penelitian korelasional dengan jumlah sampel 52 responden anak kelas 4-6 SD. Pengumpulan data status gizi melalui pengukuran berat badan dan tinggi badan. Pengukuran status hidrasi menggunakan pemeriksaan berat jenis urine dan memori jangka pendek menggunakan test digit span. Analisa menggunakan chi square. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan sebagian besar anak mempunyai status gizi normal, status hidrasi baik dan memori jangka pendek yang normal. Terdapat hubungan antara status gizi dan status hidrasi dengan memori jangka pendek anak. Orang tua sebaiknya lebih memperhatikan kebutuhan nutrisi dan cairan anak  dengan cara: 1) membiasakan sarapan sebelum berangkat sekolah; dan 2) pada saat anak ke sekolah lebih baik dibawakan bekal makanan dan minuman.


Author(s):  
Hannah E. Wadsworth ◽  
Daniel K. Horton ◽  
Kaltra Dhima ◽  
C. Munro Cullum ◽  
Jonathan White ◽  
...  

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting is commonly used to treat normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Assessment of cognition and balance pre- and post-lumbar drain (LD) can be used to provide objective metrics which may help determine the potential benefit of VP shunting. The aim of this investigation was to determine which measures identify clinical change as a result of a LD trial and to develop recommendations for standard NPH clinical assessment procedures. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and a brief battery of commonly used neuropsychological tests pre- and post-LD (MMSE, trail making test, animal fluency, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised, and digit span) were administered to 86 patients with a diagnosis of NPH. Subjects were divided into groups based on whether or not clinical change was present, and thus, VP shunting was recommended post-LD, and predictors of group membership were examined. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Significant improvements (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) were seen on the BBS and Trail Making Part B in the VP shunt-recommended group, with no other significant changes over time in either group. Regression analyses found that VP shunt recommendation was accurately predicted for 80% of the sample using the BBS score alone, with accuracy increasing to 85% when Trails B was added. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Scores from the BBS and Trails B were most likely to change in those chosen to undergo VP shunting post-LD. Given that the typical clinical presentation of NPH includes gait disturbance and cognitive impairment, it is recommended that a standard pre-/post-LD evaluation include the BBS and trail making test.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulu Chen ◽  
Yiji Wang ◽  
Si Wang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Nan Wu

The study investigated the associations between children’s self-reported habitual sleep disturbance and multidimensional executive function (EF). Two hundred and four 7–9-year-old typically developing children completed the Sleep Self-Report and finished the Red-Blue Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Backward Digit Span Test, indexing different EF components including inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Results revealed that all the three EF components were significantly correlated with sleep. However, cognitive flexibility was no longer significantly related to sleep when the other EF components – inhibitory control and working memory – were controlled for. Meanwhile, inhibitory control, as well as working memory, was still significantly related to sleep after controlling for the other EF components. Results suggest that children’s self-reported sleep might be associated directly with inhibitory control and working memory, but indirectly with cognitive flexibility.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-717
Author(s):  
Andrea De Giacomo ◽  
Alessandra Murri ◽  
Emilia Matera ◽  
Francesco Pompamea ◽  
Francesco Craig ◽  
...  

Objects: This study aimed to evaluate the Executive Function (EF) domains in a group of profoundly deaf children treated with cochlear implant (CI) in comparison to normal hearing (NH) children. The secondary aim was to evaluate the influence exerted by the age at cochlear implant activation on EFs. Materials and Methods: 32 children were enrolled into two groups: group A of 17 CI users with a mean age of 8.78 years and group B of 15 NH subjects with a mean age of 7.99 years (SD + 2.3). All subjects were tested using the following tests: the subtests for working memory of the neuropsychological evaluation battery for the developmental age (Batteria di valutazione neuropsicologica per l’età evolutive), inhibition and control of the impulsive response—CAF, and the tower of London test. Results: No children with CIs scored within the normal range in the tests administered for the evaluation of EF domains. The same scores were significantly lower when compared with scores obtained by NH children. Children with younger age at CI activation showed better executive performances in planning, working memory (backward digit span), and cognitive flexibility (categorical fluency). Conclusion: The results of this study highlight that cochlear implantation plays a role in improving hearing and consequently influences the development of EFs in deaf children.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Eva Elgh ◽  
Xiaolei Hu

Aim: This study aimed to investigate executive functioning (EF) among patients 10 years after stroke onset through comparing subjective patients’ and informants’ perceptions as well as objective neuropsychological assessments (NPAs). Materials and Method: One month prior to the neuropsychological assessment, 36 patients and their informants completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version (Brief-A) around 10 years after stroke onset. The patients’ EF was assessed with verbal fluency (FAS), backward Digit span backward and Trail making test (TMT)-B. Results: We found no significant differences between patient and informant ratings on EF on a group level, but more patients reported clinically significant executive dysfunctions (T > 65) than their informants. Only poor to slight agreements were observed between the patient and informant ratings of the BRIEF-A. Digit span backward was the only executive test that demonstrated significant improvement of EF 10 years post-stroke in the cohort. Neither patient nor informant ratings on EF showed any significant association with objective EF test performance. Conclusions: Mismatch patient-informant agreement on perceived executive dysfunction showed no clear association with EF test performance in this study. This may indicate the complexity of EF among persons with stroke at chronic phase.


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